Analysis of surface plasmon polariton enhancement in photodetection by Al—GaAs Schottky diodes

Tamm, I.R.; Dawson, Paul; Sellai, A.; Pate, M.A.; Grey, R.; Hill, G.

doi:10.1016/0038-1101(93)90050-z

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Prism coupling to SPPs on a suitable detection structure was one of the first types of SPP detectors investigated . The Kretschmann and Otto coupling configurations have been investigated, although the latter has been more popular in experimental work, likely because the detection structures can be fabricated independently, then the prism aligned to the detector in the set‐up. Metal‐insulator‐metal tunnel structures , and metal‐organic‐metal rectifying structures (for solar cell application) have also been investigated via prism coupling.…”

Section: Prism‐coupled Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Berini

2013

Laser & Photonics Reviews

201

155

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Surface plasmon photodetectors are of vigorous current interest. Such detectors typically combine a metallic structure that supports surface plasmons with a photodetection structure based on internal photoemission or electron-hole pair creation. Detector architectures are highly varied, involving surface plasmons on planar metal waveguides, on metal gratings, on nano-particles, -islands, or -antennas, or involving plasmonmediated transmission through one or many sub-wavelength holes in a metal film. Properties inherent to surface plasmons, such as sub-wavelength confinement and their ability to resonate on tiny metallic structures, are exploited to convey useful characteristics to detectors in addressing applications such as low-noise high-speed detection, single-plasmon detection, near-and mid-infrared imaging, photovoltaic solar energy conversion, and (bio)chemical sensing. The operating principles behind surface plasmon detectors are reviewed, the literature on the topic is surveyed, and avenues that appear promising are highlighted.tection materials that are available. Properties inherent to SPPs are exploited to convey useful characteristics to detectors, such as polarisation, angular or spectral selectivity, or to improve their performance in terms of photoresponse, signal-to-noise or speed. The use of SPPs can also lead to small detectors, having dimensions comparable to those of highly integrated electronic elements. Several applications are targeted including low-noise or high-speed detection, single-plasmon detection, near-and mid-infrared imaging, photovoltaic solar energy conversion, and (bio)chemical sensing.Progress on SPP detectors has been rapid, and interest on the topic is vigorous, prompting a review of this area (no review of SPP detectors currently exists in the literature). The objectives of this review are to describe the operating principles behind SPP detectors, summarise the literature, and highlight avenues that appear promising. The properties of propagating SPPs and general photodetection principles are discussed initially, followed by a review of the literature organised by detector type (then chronologically), beginning with prism-and grating-coupled detectors, followed by hole-coupled detectors, then by detectors involving nanoparticles and nanoantennas, and closing with waveguide detectors. Some detectors could be classified under more than one type (e.g., nanoantennas or nanoparticles); classification was based on what seemed to be the best fit. Although not exhaustive, the review is comprehensive and covers the breadth of the field. Avenues that C 2013 by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 198 P. Berini: Surface plasmon detectors appear promising in terms of performance and application are highlighted throughout the paper and summarised in the last section. NotationAn e +jωt time-harmonic dependence is assumed throughout this paper. The relative permittivity is denoted ε r , and is written for a metal in terms of real and imaginary parts as ε r,...

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Section: Prism‐coupled Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Berini

2013

Laser & Photonics Reviews

201

155

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“…Our previous interest in SPP enhanced Schottky diode structures 11,12 at ambient temperature was carried forward to studies on cooled, low-barrier diode structures 4 ͑using a fixed-gap coupler͒ and remains a topic ͑and a very useful test bed͒ that we have been concerned to tackle with the current variable-gap coupler. In the context of Schottky diode studies it is noted that the integral Otto approach may still fall foul of the problems associated with squeezer arrangements.…”

Section: B Gap Control In Otto Couplersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable temperature, variable-gap Otto prism coupler for use in a vacuum environment

Cairns

O'Prey

Dawson

2000

Review of Scientific Instruments

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The field of surface polariton physics really took off with the prism coupling techniques developed by Kretschmann and Raether, and by Otto. This article reports on the construction and operation of a rotatable, in vacuo, variable temperature, Otto coupler with a coupling gap that can be varied by remote control. The specific design attributes of the system offer additional advantages to those of standard Otto systems of (i) temperature variation (ambient to 85 K), and (ii) the use of a valuable, additional reference point, namely the gap-independent reflectance at the Brewster angle at any given, fixed temperature. The instrument is placed firmly in a historical context of developments in the field. The efficacy of the coupler is demonstrated by sample attenuated total reflectance results on films of platinum, niobium, and yttrium barium copper oxide and on aluminum/gallium arsenide (Al/GaAs) Schottky diode structures.

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“…In this process, the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function for Al, GaAs and the glass prism were based on values given in the literature (Tamm et 1993, Palik 1985; at given wavelength, these parameters were treated as invariant in the modeling process. Fits for different light wavelengths are shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Fitting Parameters Invariant Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first section, the experimental technique for measuring ATR is described and the standard matrix formalism is briefly presented. Previously obtained experimental reflectance data by one of us (Tamm et al 1993), for an Al/GaAs sample, is used to probe the optical properties and thickness of the Al-oxide layer. The second section is devoted to results and discussion, and we show how sensitive is the theoretical reflectance to certain parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

Surface Plasmons for Probing Optical Data of Multi- Layered Thin Films

Rais

Sellai

2000

SQU Journal for Science

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In this paper, we show how optical excitation of surface plasmons (SPs) can be used to obtain optical and geometrical parameters of specific layers in multi-layered thin film systems. The optimum coupling phenomenon between incoming p-polarized light and SPs appears as a minimum in the reflectance that is calculated using a standard matrix formalism. The sensitive dependence of the reflectance minimum on optical and geometrical parameters suggests that they can be determined accurately by fitting the measured attenuated total reflectance (ATR) to the matrix-calculated reflectance using the Simplex minimization method. The procedure is applied to the multi-layered system: Prism / Air gap / Al-oxide / Al / GaAs. At fixed incident light wavelength, the fitting parameters are the Al-oxide optical constant and the thickness of the air gap, Al-oxide and Al layers. Fortran codes are implemented for the reflectance calculations and the fitting procedures. The results show that the theoretical reflectance fits well the measured ATR at 633 nm wavelength. Moreover, the modeled Al-oxide optical constant at this wavelength agrees well with the literature. However, the reflectance fits are less good at 590 nm and 458 nm wavelengths and their modeled Al-oxide optical constants show a dispersion effect in disagreement with the literature. The modeled geometrical parameters are consistent with the nominal values.

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Analysis of surface plasmon polariton enhancement in photodetection by Al—GaAs Schottky diodes

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Variable temperature, variable-gap Otto prism coupler for use in a vacuum environment

Surface Plasmons for Probing Optical Data of Multi- Layered Thin Films

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