Analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orthodontic bands

Abstract

Insertion of fixed orthodontic appliances induces increased biofilm formation caused by a higher number of plaque-retentive sites. The purpose of the study was to perform a quantitative analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orthodontic bands. Ten patients (five females and five males, aged 18.3+/-5.4 years) who had received therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances for 24+/-9 months were enrolled in the study. Biofilm formation on 28 orthodontic bands was analyzed quantitatively with the Rutherford backscattering detection method, a scanning electron microscopy technique. The biofilm formation for the supra- and subgingival surfaces was calculated from the grey values. Statistical analysis was performed with a mixed model with the patient as the random factor. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. A biofilm was found on 16.1+/-9.2 per cent of supragingival surfaces and on 3.6+/-4.4 per cent of subgingival surfaces. Differences in biofilm formation in supra- and subgingival surfaces were statistically significant (P<0.05) and formed a distinct demarcation line. Despite the presence of supragingival biofilm, no mature subgingival biofilm was found on the tested orthodontic bands.

Orthodontic Treatment – Complications and Preventive Measures

“…Often, after 4 weeks of constant use of a fixed orthodontic appliance, which consists of cemented on the tooth surfaces orthodontic brackets, white spots lesions on the enamel may appear [1].These lesions are often associated with poor hygiene around the retention elements, creating extra space conducive to adhesion of dental plaque [2]. A greater retention of the plague is favoured by arch wires with numerous loops and bends, additional arch wires, elastic ligatures, and not removed excess of bonding material, which is used for bonding the brackets [3].…”

Risk factors for periodontal changes in adult patients with banded second molars during orthodontic treatment

“…6 Various factors have been suggested to explain these observations, such as the larger size of the clinical crown of adult teeth resulting from passive eruption, which allows brackets to be positioned farther away from the gingival margin. 2 On the other hand, orthodontic appliances and accessories (bands, brackets, archwires, elastics, and springs) increase the number of areas of dental plaque retention and consequently hinder hygiene, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] particularly in the posterior segments of the oral cavity, given their difficult access. Permanent second molars are often misaligned and therefore are included in the treatment plan, thus increasing the potential for gingival inflammation.…”

Bráquetes convencionais e autoligados: detecção de micro-organismos na saliva e in situ, avaliação de parâmetros periodontais e quantificação de citocinas no fluido crevicular

“…corroborando com os resultados dos estudos que apontam as alterações da microbiota após instalação dos aparelhos ortodônticos em função da quebra do equilíbrio do meio (Marsh, 2006;Demling et al, 2009;Barker et al 2013). Já o bráquete autoligado In-Ovation ® R apresentou níveis mais elevados no complexo vermelho e níveis semelhantes para os demais complexos.…”

“…Paralelamente, sabe-se que o acúmulo de biofilme nos tecidos dentários próximos à gengiva livre promove inflamação gengival, resultante diretamente da liberação de toxinas, lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) e enzimas e, indiretamente, pela resposta autoimune do organismo (Azuma, 2006;Sudjalim et al, 2007;Lo et al, 2008;Demling et al, 2009;Armitage e Robertson, 2012). Em condições patológicas, como nas periodontites e nas patologias periapicais, há liberação de citocinas e quimiocinas (Belibasakis e Bostanci, 2012).…”

“…O acúmulo de biofilme nos tecidos dentários próximos à gengiva livre promove a inflamação gengival, resultante diretamente da liberação de toxinas, lipopolissacarídeos ou enzimas, e indiretamente da resposta imune do organismo (Azuma, 2006;Sudjalim et al, 2007;Lo et al, 2008;Demling et al, 2009;van Gastel et al, 2009;Armitage e Cullinan, 2010). Os aparelhos ortodônticos promovem alterações no meio bucal (Anhoury et al, 2002;Nelson-Filho et al, 2011a,b Andrucioli et al, 2012, em função da variedade de materiais sólidos e elásticos utilizados em sua composição (Steinberg e Eyal, 2004), bem como seus diferentes desenhos (van Gastel et al, 2007).…”