Analysis of Steam Formation and Migration in Firefighters’ Protective Clothing Using X-Ray Radiography

Abstract

X-ray radiography was used to quantify evaporation and moisture transfer in a multilayer firefighter protective clothing system with defined wetted layers exposed to low thermal radiation. Evaporation was faster and took place at higher temperatures if the moisture was located in the outer layers of the clothing system. Moisture that evaporated in the outer layers of the clothing system was found to move inwards and condense in the inner layers and on the cap of the measurement cell. Results found in this study correlated well with the findings of our former study based on simple temperature distribution measurements to determine moisture transfer in protective clothing layers at low level thermal radiation.

Characterization and Modeling of Thermal Protective and Thermo-Physiological Comfort Performance of Polymeric Textile Materials—A Review

“…In Table 4, a summary of the findings from previous research on thermal protective performance of fabrics under steam exposure is systematically presented. [92,93,95] fabric with a water vapor impermeable membrane provides better protection from steam than a fabric with a semi-permeable membrane. [47] and [46] Thickness and air permeability are the two most important property that can affect the thermal protective performance of fabrics under steam exposure.…”

Modeling of heat and moisture transfer within firefighter protective clothing with the moisture absorption of thermal radiation

“…These contradictory results, i.e. the moisture increases or decreases the protective performance of clothing can be attributed to the level of thermal radiation [4,8], the amount and location of the moisture [7,9,11], and the type of the fabric materials [10,11].…”

Sexual Dimorphism on Haematological and Genetic Parameters of Japanese Quails

“…In practice, however, it is common to use correlation simply as a measure of strength and direction of a relationship, whether or not it is a cause-andeffect relationship. [21,22] reported that correlation's relationship are reported in many papers as a part of regression analysis but this in general is not how correlation should be applied for the simple reason that it measures different phenomena and between different types of variables than regression analysis [23]. The scale of the genetic parameters would show the amount of improvement by selection [24,25].…”