Analysis of speed accuracy using video analysis software

Post, Andrew; Koncan, David; Kendall, Marshall; Cournoyer, Janie; Clark, J. Michio; Kosziwka, Gabrielle; Chen, Wesley; Amezcua, Santiago de Grau; Hoshizaki, T. Blaine

doi:10.1007/s12283-018-0263-4

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…turf, sand, horse hoof or horse leg), as well as the horizontal velocity, height of the rider's head and jockey/rider's body position prior to impact. This software has been used previously 21 in the field of brain injury biomechanics to define impact parameters such as velocity, orientation and location for laboratory experiments, computational simulations, and coupled with on-field measurements using the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. Mathematical Dynamic Models (MADYMO) version 7.6 simulations were conducted based on body position, impact location and velocity as determined from video analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…uncertainty associated with the horizontal and vertical distance measurements are similar to the uncertainty in quantifying impact velocity when using Kinovea and similar methods (5-22%). 21 The MADYMO reconstructions were conducted with either the 5th percentile female pedestrian model to represent female riders, or 50th percentile male ellipsoid pedestrian model to represent male riders. As all riders wore a helmet, all models were modified to include a helmet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A series of MADYMO simulations were conducted for each case by varying horizontal and vertical velocity by ± 10% according to the error in measurement (see Supplementary Material), and other similar video analysis methods. 21 The head impact velocities at contact determined in the MADYMO reconstructions along with the corresponding trajectory angle were obtained. The slowest impact velocity and associated trajectory angle at contact were obtained from a series of MADYMO simulations for each case.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proposed injury thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports

Clark

Adanty

Post

et al. 2020

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives: Equestrian helmets are designed to pass certification standards based on linear drop tests onto rigid steel surfaces. However, concussions in equestrian sports occur most commonly when a rider is thrown off a horse and obliquely impacts a compliant surface such as turf or sand. This paper seeks to elucidate the mechanics of such impacts and thereby propose corresponding thresholds for the occurrence of concussion that can improve equestrian helmet standards and designs. Design: The present study examined the biomechanics of real-world equestrian accidents and developed thresholds for the occurrence of concussive injury. Methods: Twenty-five concussive and 25 non-concussive falls in equestrian sports were reconstructed using a combination of video analysis, computational and physical reconstruction methods. These represented male and female accidents from horse racing and the crosscountry phase of eventing. Results: The resulting thresholds for concussion [59 g, 2700 rad/s 2 , 28 rad/s, 0.24 (MPS), 6.6 kPa and 0.27 (CSMD 10) for 50% risk] were consistent with those reported in the literature and represent a unique combination of head kinematic thresholds compared to other sports. Current equestrian helmet standards commonly use a threshold of 250 g and a linear drop to a steel anvil resulting in less than 15 ms impacts. This investigation found that concussive equestrian accidents occurred from oblique impacts to turf or sand with lower magnitude and longer duration impacts (<130 g and >20 ms). This suggests that current equestrian helmet standards may not adequately represent real-world concussive impact conditions and, consequently, there is an urgent need to assess the protective capacity of equestrian helmets under real-world conditions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proposed injury thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports

Clark

Adanty

Post

et al. 2020

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

Self Cite

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“…opponent shoulder) three to five frames prior to the impact using Kinovea software (version 0.8.20). Collision velocity (helmet, shoulder, hip/thigh) was calculated using field lines and video recording speed as described in a number of earlier studies 89,90 . Fall (ground) velocities were estimated by calculating the resultant velocity in a two-step process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel repetitive head impact exposure measurement tool differentiates player position in National Football League

Karton

Hoshizaki

Gilchrist

2020

Sci Rep

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American-style football participation poses a high risk of repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure leading to acute and chronic brain injury. The complex nature of symptom expression, human predisposition, and neurological consequences of RHI limits our understanding of what constitutes as an injurious impact affecting the integrity of brain tissue. Video footage of professional football games was reviewed and documentation made of all head contact. Frequency of impact, tissue strain magnitude, and time interval between impacts was used to quantify RHI exposure, specific to player field position. Differences in exposure characteristics were found between eight different positions; where three unique profiles can be observed. Exposure profiles provide interpretation of the relationship between the traumatic event(s) and how tissue injury is manifested and expressed. This study illustrates and captures an objective measurement of RHI on the field, a critical component in guiding public policy and guidelines for managing exposure.Various levels of impact severity associated with head injury have been studied for over a century where knowledge and reporting reflected current periods' public concern and environmental context 1 . The scientific community, medical sectors and regulatory authorities have been working for decades to unravel the complexity of head injury in sport, most predominantly the definition, identification, and treatment of concussions. There were obvious challenges associated with the ambiguous nature and presentation of what is regarded as a tissue 'injury' 2,3 . Inconsistencies in symptom expression and prediction, and human variability in predisposition limit the precision in defining the relationship between the traumatic event(s) and injury. Despite numerous reports describing the implications of the acute and chronic effects of single and repeated sub-concussive and concussive blows to the head 1 , only recently have exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI) in contact sports become a real concern, and this concern has become relevant to researchers, neurologists, clinicians and athletic professionals alike. The high profile sport, American-style football (ASF), has received increasing attention amongst researchers who believe that this population will help establish a better understanding of the consequences and management of RHI.Measuring head injury in ASF solely on the basis of immediate signs and symptoms has proven to be insufficient in capturing the spectrum of tissue injury 4,5 . Moreover, as individuals recover from the clinical expression of symptoms, the assumption that neurobiological recovery has also occurred is also likely to be inaccurate 6,7 . A more sophisticated understanding that now prevails considers the time course of neurobiological recovery and the mental health consequences of being exposed to RHI. Oliver and colleagues 8 report that blood concentrations of axonal injury biomarkers in college football starters remain elevated even 9 weeks post season. The scientific de...

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“…These methods yielded measurement errors of less than 10% in ice hockey. 21 Given that the error is vastly influenced by the size and proximity of the calibration grid, it is likely to be similar or smaller in American football since there are more markings on the field to establish an optimal calibration grid.…”

Section: Video Analysis For Injury Reconstructionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Motor Response Associated With Concussive Injuries: Biomechanical Comparison Between Impact Seizures and Loss of Consciousness

Cournoyer

Hoshizaki

2019

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Loss of consciousness (LOC) and impact seizures associated with concussion represent different clinical presentations of concussion; however, they are often investigated and treated similarly. The biomechanical parameters differentiating these 2 distinct signs of injury are poorly described. Objective To differentiate between cases of concussions with LOC and those with impact seizures by comparing the impact velocity, peak linear and peak rotational acceleration, as well as brain tissue deformation in the cerebral cortex, white matter, brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, and corpus callosum. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Patients or Other Participants Elite American football players who sustained an LOC (n = 20) or impact seizures (n = 21). Main Outcome Measure(s) Impact velocity, peak linear and peak rotational acceleration, maximum principal strain, cumulative strain damage measure at 10%, and strain rate (SR). Results The SR in the cerebral white matter was greater in the LOC group than in the impact-seizure group. Similar trends were observed for SRs in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and corpus callosum. No differences were present between groups for the other variables in this study. Conclusions A lower SR in certain brain regions helps to explain why motor function is preserved and can be observed in patients with impact seizures versus LOC from concussive injuries.

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Analysis of speed accuracy using video analysis software

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

Proposed injury thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports

Proposed injury thresholds for concussion in equestrian sports

A novel repetitive head impact exposure measurement tool differentiates player position in National Football League

Abnormal Motor Response Associated With Concussive Injuries: Biomechanical Comparison Between Impact Seizures and Loss of Consciousness

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