Analysis of specific absorption rate and heat transfer in human head due to mobile phones

Seetharaman, R.; Tharun, M.; Gayathri, S.; Mole, S. S. Sreeja; Anandan, Kavitha

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.582

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The SAR levels from 900 MHz electromagnetic waves in different departments of several hospitals were evaluated in [27], the highest electric field strength and the corresponding SAR values were measured in a radiology department. In [28], SAR and heat transfer in human head tissues (skin, bone, brain) were assessed for different frequencies, antenna types, and antenna separation distances. Their results reveal that SAR values due to mobile phones was higher than those due to Bluetooth and to Wi-Fi devices.…”

Section: Related Work On Sarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the SAR in Human Head Tissues under Different Exposure Scenarios

Turgut

Engiz

2023

Applied Sciences

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This paper deals with the assessment of induced specific absorption rate (SAR) in various human models under different exposure scenarios, including both laboratory measurements and simulations. Firstly, SAR values were measured in a standardized SAR laboratory using a phantom for two radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) sources at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. These laboratory measurements served as a reference for SAR calculations conducted on a specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) using a computer simulation technology (CST) program, thus enabling the determination of antenna location and excitation signal levels for further evaluation. Subsequently, simulations were carried out with CST to evaluate average SAR for the head and for specific head tissues such as the brain, muscles, and fat. Realistic computational human models were also used alongside SAM in CST to explore the influence of gender, age, and tissue type on SAR. Various power levels representing low, moderate, and high RF-EMF exposure were applied to the human models to compare against basic restrictions and reference levels. The simulation results indicate significantly higher SAR values calculated for 1800 MHz compared with 900 MHz. The ratio of the highest SAR values at 1800 MHz to 900 MHz is approximately 1.70 for a baby, 2.59 for a child, and 2.84 for both adult female and adult male. While the SAR values for the brain, fat, muscle, and head are comparable at 900 MHz for the baby, the brain’s SAR value at 1800 MHz stands out significantly from the other tissues. In contrast with the baby, the difference in SAR values between 900 MHz and 1800 MHz is more pronounced for the child, adult female and adult male. The lowest SAR values at 900 MHz and 1800 MHz were obtained for brain tissue in all human models, while the head has the highest SAR value. The maximum SAR change ratio between the brain and the head is calculated to be 4.44 for the male at 1800 MHz. The results reveal that, although the applied electromagnetic field levels were below reference levels for general public local exposure, some local SAR values exceeded the International Commission of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection’s basic restriction for the general public at certain power levels, particularly at 1800 MHz. The SAR analysis derived from this study is significant in understanding the impact of wireless technologies on health, establishing safety standards, guiding technology advancement, conducting risk assessments, and increasing public awareness.

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Section: Related Work On Sarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the SAR in Human Head Tissues under Different Exposure Scenarios

Turgut

Engiz

2023

Applied Sciences

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“…Penggunaan teknologi komunikasi nirkabel dalam ponsel telah merevolusi telekomunikasi modern dan ponsel telah menjadi sangat populer sehingga jumlahnya melebihi populasi global (Jagetia, 2022). Tubuh manusia menyerap proporsi radiasi tertentu ketika diperkenalkan ke medan elektromagnetik (Seetharaman et al, 2022).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Potensi Pengaruh Radiasi Gelombang Elektromagnetik Telepon Seluler Terhadap Kesehatan

2022

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Pendahuluan: Telepon seluler pada saat ini sudah mengalami perkembangan, dengan beragam kemudahan yang dapat dilakukannya. Telepon seluler atau yang dikenal dengan smartphone atau ponsel pintar pada saat ini menghasilkan radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan tubuh manusia. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh dari radiasi elektromagnetik telepon seluler terhadap kesehatan otak manusia. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan Literatur Review tipe naratif, dengan menggunakan jurnal dan buku baik nasional maupun internasional. Radiasi elektromagnetik yang ditimbulkan dari penggunaan telepon seluler terindikasi dapat mempengaruhi beberapa gangguan terhadap kesehatan manusia. Hasil: Indikasi gangguan kesehatan tersebut dapat berupa tumbuhnya tumor dan kanker pada otak, dapat meyebabkan stress, terganggunya sperma, glioma dan juga terganggunya sel darah merah. Gangguan yang disebabkan oleh radiasi elektromagnetik telepon seluler terhadap kesehatan masih menjadi polemik. Kesimpulan: Radiasi elektromagnetik yang ditimbulkan dari penggunaan telepon seluler berpotensi dapat menyebabkan beberapa gangguan terhadap kesehatan.

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“…Wessapan et al [27] investigated the SAR and heat transfer inside a 2D physical model of the human body with internal organs exposed to near-field and far-field radiation. Seetharaman et al [28] analyzed the effects of mobile phone radiation on SAR and heat transfer inside the human head. Their study is based on three-layer human head model that is exposed to different frequencies of different mobile phone technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realistic Computational Modeling of Biothermal Effects Inside Human Head Exposed to Mobile Phone Radiation

Ramadan

Shafey

Abdelshafe

et al. 2023

JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences

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The recent development of smartphones and the introduction of newer mobile phone networks led to increasing concerns over the prolonged exposure of delicate human organs to mobile phone radiation. This study investigates the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and temperature distributions inside anatomical head model exposed to mobile phone radiation. The effects of different microwave frequencies (0.9, 1.8, and 3 GHz) and different antenna positions (voice and video calling positions) were studied. The propagation, penetration, and absorption equations of the microwave radiation as well as the bioheat equation were numerically solved inside the computational domain. The numerical results of the present study were verified by comparison to other published numerical solutions. The Peak overall SAR and temperature rise were found in the voice calling position for the 3 GHz frequency as 14.9 W/kg and 1.6 °C, respectively. The model showed negligible peak SAR and temperature rise values for the video calling position. Moreover, the peak SAR and temperature rise locations are not correlated. Additionally, the temperature rise exceeded 63% of the final value at 6 minutes of exposure time for all the studied microwave frequencies.

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Analysis of specific absorption rate and heat transfer in human head due to mobile phones

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Analyzing the SAR in Human Head Tissues under Different Exposure Scenarios

Analyzing the SAR in Human Head Tissues under Different Exposure Scenarios

Potensi Pengaruh Radiasi Gelombang Elektromagnetik Telepon Seluler Terhadap Kesehatan

Realistic Computational Modeling of Biothermal Effects Inside Human Head Exposed to Mobile Phone Radiation

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