Analysis of sea ice parameters for the design of an offshore wind farm in the Bohai Sea

Wang, An‐Liang; Tang, Maoning; Qian, Zhao; Liu, Yu; Li, Baohui; Shi, Yujun; Sui, Junpeng

doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109902

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The effective ice temperature is the average temperature of the ice sheet under the lowest air temperature. Assuming no phase change occurs in the ice, the effective ice temperature can be calculated according to the following formula [10]:…”

Section: Design Sea Ice Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the Recent Ice Characteristics in the Bohai Sea in the Winters of 2005–2022 Using Multi-Source Data

Li,

Jiao,

Chen

et al. 2024

Water

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The safety of winter activities in the Bohai Sea requires more detailed information on ice characteristics and a more refined ice zone division. In the present study, 1/12°-resolution sea ice characteristic data were obtained based on the NEMO-LIM2 ice–ocean coupling model that assimilated MODIS satellite sea ice observations from the years of 2005 to 2022 to acquire new sea ice hindcasting data. On this basis, the ice period, ice thickness, ice concentration, ice temperature, ice salinity, and design ice thickness for different return periods in the 1/4°-resolution refined zoning were analyzed, which were then compared with the sea ice characteristics in the previous 21-ice-zone standard. The distribution of ice temperature and ice salinity was closely related to the distribution of ice thickness. The results of ice period, ice thickness, and ice concentration, as well as design ice thickness for different return periods, and the comparison with the previous 21-ice-zone standards, showed that the ice condition on the west coast of the Bohai Sea has significantly reduced.

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Section: Design Sea Ice Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The engineering ice-resistance designs are based on the sea ice characteristic parameters [10]. In recent years, the overall ice condition in the Bohai Sea has been milder, but extreme meteorological events, especially the strong cold waves, have gradually increased in winter [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Recent Ice Characteristics in the Bohai Sea in the Winters of 2005–2022 Using Multi-Source Data

Li,

Jiao,

Chen

et al. 2024

Water

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“…In the initial phase of ice formation, the frazil crystals on the water surface are linked to form the grease ice and thicken to form pancake ice as the air temperature decreases. Global warming prolongs the time for grease ice to grow into pancake ice (Wang et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2022). Under the action of wind, waves, and currents, the grease ice will undergo the repeated process of freezing-breakingrefreezing until forming the pancake ice.…”

Section: Laboratory Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Bohai Sea, floating ice present in winter, inducing additional loads on structures, threatens the safety of offshore wind farms (Wang et al, 2021). Bending failure is a frequent ice failure mode occurring when ice interacts with conical offshore structures (Schulson, 2001;Qu et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, engineering designs should pay attention to the bending mechanical behaviors of granular sea ice. Global warming prolongs the ice formation period in the Bohai Sea, inducing an increasing trend of granular ice fraction in ice sheets (Yang et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2022). However, studies on flexural strength and effective elastic modulus of granular sea ice are still scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental study on flexural strength and effective elastic modulus of granular ice in the Bohai Sea, China

Xiu

Wang

et al. 2022

Front. Energy Res.

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In the ice-infested Bohai Sea, ice-breaking cones are generally installed on offshore wind turbine towers for ice resistance. Bending failure is a frequent ice failure mode occurring when ice interacts with ice-breaking cones. Global warming prolongs the ice formation period in the Bohai Sea, inducing an increasing trend of granular ice fraction in ice sheets. To better understand the bending mechanical behaviors of granular sea ice in the Bohai Sea, laboratory three-point bending tests were conducted using granular sea ice collected in the Bohai Sea during the winter of 2010–2011. A total of 42 ice samples were tested at −5, −10, and −15°C with strain rates of 1 × 10−6–6×10−4 s−1 in the downward direction vertical to the original ice surface. During tests, the salinity and density of each ice specimen were measured to calculate the porosity. Based on the results, negative exponential relationships were proposed between flexural strength and the square root of porosity and between effective elastic modulus and porosity. After normalization, the flexural strength showed no rate dependence at the whole strain rate range. In contrast, the effective elastic modulus increased with the strain rate. The effective elastic modulus of the ice samples was further parameterized based on the porosity and strain rate.

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Climate change effects on offshore wind turbines

James¹,

Haldar²,

Varghese³

et al. 2023

Wind Energy Engineering

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Analysis of sea ice parameters for the design of an offshore wind farm in the Bohai Sea

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Investigation of the Recent Ice Characteristics in the Bohai Sea in the Winters of 2005–2022 Using Multi-Source Data

Investigation of the Recent Ice Characteristics in the Bohai Sea in the Winters of 2005–2022 Using Multi-Source Data

Experimental study on flexural strength and effective elastic modulus of granular ice in the Bohai Sea, China

Climate change effects on offshore wind turbines

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