Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray

Assis, Rafael Ramiro de; Jain, Aarti; Nakajima, Rie; Jasinskas, Algis; Felgner, Jiin; Obiero, Joshua M.; Norris, Philip J.; Stone, Mars; Simmons, Graham; Bagri, Anil; Irsch, Johannes; Schreiber, Martin A.; Buser, Andreas; Holbro, Andreas; Battegay, Manuel; Hosimer, Philip; Noesen, Charles; Adenaiye, Oluwasanmi; Tai, Sheldon; Hong, Felix T.; Milton, Donald K.; Davies, D. Huw; Contestable, Paul; Corash, Laurence; Busch, Michael P.; Felgner, Philip L.; Khan, Saahir

doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20095-2

Cited by 152 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In addition, all COVID-19 patients had S2 antibodies but not all denied the disease ( Figure 2 ). It suggests the environmental exposure may play a role in shaping S2 antibody response to vaccination [ 8 ]. Likely including other viruses as S2 peptides are similar in structure among coronaviruses This observation warrants further study on a large cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine—A Pilot Study

Lange

Borowik²,

Bocheńska³

et al. 2021

Vaccines

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Twenty individuals (17 females, 3 males, aged 31–65 years (range), median: 46) who received both doses of the BioNTech Pfizer mRNA vaccine were examined (11 to 31 days, median: 25) after the second dose for the presence of antibodies against peptides of SARS-COV-2 and some of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV1, HCov229E, and HCoVNL63. Clinical evaluation revealed that six people had COVID-19 in the past. We found that: (i) Six people claimed the presence of unwanted effects of vaccination, which were more frequent in those with a history of COVID-19 (4 out of 6 vs. 2 out of 14, p = 0.037); (ii) All individuals independent of the past history of COVID-19 responded equally well in IgG but those who experienced the disease tended to do better in IgA class (729.04 vs. 529.78 U/mL, p = 0.079); (iii) All those who had experienced the disease had IgG antibodies against nucleocapsid antigens but also 5 out of 14 who had not had the disease (6/6 vs. 5/14, p = 0.014); (iv) Anti S2 antibodies were present in the patients having COVID-19 in the past but also were found in those who had not had the disease (6/6 vs. 8/14, p = 0.144); (v) All vaccinated people were highly positive in the IGRA and the level of released IFN gamma was correlated with the numbers of HLADR positive lymphocytes in the blood (R = 0.5766, p = 0.008).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine—A Pilot Study

Lange

Borowik²,

Bocheńska³

et al. 2021

Vaccines

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“…Furthermore, using pre-pandemic and known negative samples, it is possible to identify sources of cross-reactivity, which can be utilized to re-engineer functional epitopes to decrease the rate of false positives; however, this risks decreasing the sensitivity by the removal of true target epitopes. Recent studies utilizing various protein array platforms have reported high specificity and sensitivity [10][11][12]; however, these previous platforms lack the ability to quantitate differential antibody epitope utilization-including both linear and discontinuous epitopes-across cohorts of convalescent COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age, Disease Severity and Ethnicity Influence Humoral Responses in a Multi-Ethnic COVID-19 Cohort

Smith

Abdesselem

Mullins

et al. 2021

Viruses

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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all individuals across the globe in some way. Despite large numbers of reported seroprevalence studies, there remains a limited understanding of how the magnitude and epitope utilization of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 viral anti-gens varies within populations following natural infection. Here, we designed a quantitative, multi-epitope protein microarray comprising various nucleocapsid protein structural motifs, including two structural domains and three intrinsically disordered regions. Quantitative data from the microarray provided complete differentiation between cases and pre-pandemic controls (100% sensitivity and specificity) in a case-control cohort (n = 100). We then assessed the influence of disease severity, age, and ethnicity on the strength and breadth of the humoral response in a multi-ethnic cohort (n = 138). As expected, patients with severe disease showed significantly higher antibody titers and interestingly also had significantly broader epitope coverage. A significant increase in antibody titer and epitope coverage was observed with increasing age, in both mild and severe disease, which is promising for vaccine efficacy in older individuals. Additionally, we observed significant differences in the breadth and strength of the humoral immune response in relation to ethnicity, which may reflect differences in genetic and lifestyle factors. Furthermore, our data enabled localization of the immuno-dominant epitope to the C-terminal structural domain of the viral nucleocapsid protein in two independent cohorts. Overall, we have designed, validated, and tested an advanced serological assay that enables accurate quantitation of the humoral response post natural infection and that has revealed unexpected differences in the magnitude and epitope utilization within a population.

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“…INO-4800 is delivered intradermally and a small electric pulse is applied to the skin leading to cellular uptake of the DNA. The DNA vaccine was immunogenic and well-tolerated in 100% of vaccinated subjects in a phase 1 clinical trial [ 52 ]. INO-4800 is being evaluated in an ongoing phase 2/3 clinical trial (INNOVATE; NCT04642638) ( Figure 2 C) [ 1 ].…”

Section: Current Advances In Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines

Park

Lee

2021

Vaccines

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The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune responses that block the spread of pathogens. However, a lack of understanding of mucosal immunity combined with the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in only intramuscular vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the history of vaccines, current progress in COVID-19 vaccine technology, and the status of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines. Future research should determine the most effective route for vaccine delivery based on the platform and determine the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of different delivery routes.

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Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray

Cited by 152 publications

References 20 publications

Immune Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine—A Pilot Study

Immune Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine—A Pilot Study

Age, Disease Severity and Ethnicity Influence Humoral Responses in a Multi-Ethnic COVID-19 Cohort

Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines

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