Analysis of Running Pattern in Relation to Speed

Hoshikawa, Tamotsu; Matsui, Hidenori; Miyashita, Mafumi

doi:10.1159/000393772

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The lower maximum speed and the longer time needed to reach the maximum speed explain why wheelchair racers have much greater 100-m times than able-bodied runners. The decrease in contact time (or increase in recovery time) with increasing speed in wheelchair propulsion is comparable to the reports that a short support time was associated with high running speed in able-bodied running (Chow, 1987;Hoshikawa et al, 1973;Taylor, 1971).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Kinematic analysis of the 100-m wheelchair race

Chow

Chae

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Kinematic analysis of the 100-m wheelchair race

Chow

Chae

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…The present results on the pattern of muscle activity in the lower limb muscles are in general in agreement with the results of earlier investigations on walking (Herman et al 1976, Basmaijan 1979, Inman et al 1981, and with the few investigations published so far on running (Miyashita et al 1970, Brandell 1973, Hoshikawa et al 1973, Elliot & Blanksby 1976). The following presentation will therefore concentrate on the new data concerning speed adaptations and a comparison between walking and running at the same speeds.…”

Section: Relationships Between Leg Muscle Activity Different Phases supporting

confidence: 93%

“…approach of combining kinematics with electromyography to study neuromuscular function has been used in several studies on walking (Miyashita et al 1970, Brandell 1973, Herman et al 1976, Knutsson 1981, Inman et al 1981, for additional references see Basmajian 1979), whereas running has been investigated to a more limited extent (Miyashita et al 1970, Brandell 1973, Hoshikawa et al 1973, Elliot & Blanksby 1976. I n general, only one or a few speeds were investigated (Miyashita et al 1970, Milner et al 1971, Grieve & Cavanagh 1974Miyashita et al 1970, Hoshikawa et al 1973. No systematic description has, to our knowledge, been made of the characteristic changes occurring in the control of the leg at the transition from walking to running a t corresponding speeds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans

Nilsson

Thorstensson

Halbertsma

1985

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

335

198

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Knowledge of adaptations to changes in speed and mode of progression (walking-running) in human locomotion is important for an understanding of underlying neural control mechanisms and allows a comparison with more detailed animal studies. Leg movements and muscle activity patterns were studied in ten healthy males (19-29 yr) during level walking (0.4-3.0 m X s-1) and running (1.0-9.0 m X s-1) on a motor-driven treadmill. Movements were recorded in the sagittal plane with a Selspot optoelectronic system. Recordings of EMG were made from seven different muscles of one leg by means of surface electrodes. Durations, amplitudes and relative phase relationships of angular displacements and EMG activity were analysed in relation to different phases of the stride cycle (defined by the leg movements). The durations of the entire stride cycle and of the support phase were found to decrease curvilinearly with velocity. Swing and support phase durations were linearly related to cycle duration in walking, and curvilinearly related in running. The characteristic occurrence of double support phases in walking was also seen in very slow running. Support length increased with speed up to about 1.2 m both in walking and running, but was longer in walking at the same velocity. Increases in net angular displacements were largest for hip movements and for knee flexion-extension during the swing phase in running. With increasing velocity a clear shift in relative rectus femoris activity occurred from knee extension to hip flexion. Gastrocnemius lateralis (LG) was co-activated with the other leg extensors prior to foot contact in running, whereas in walking LG was not turned on until later in the support phase. The ankle flexor tibialis anterior had its main peak of activity after touch-down in walking and before touch-down in running. The same basic structure of the stride cycle as in other animals suggests similarities in the underlying neural control. Human speed adaptation is distinguished primarily by an increase in both frequency and amplitude of leg movements and by a possibility of changing between a walking and a running type of movement pattern.

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“…No differences in relative time to maximum knee flexion have also been reported (Nilsson, Thorstensson, & Halbertsma, 1985). Significant increases in knee flexion velocity from 522 deg/s to 635 deg/s at running speeds from 3.35 m/s to 5.36 m/s respectively have been identified (Hoshikawa, Matsui, & Miyashita, 1973;.…”

Section: Perturbationsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Mechanisms Associated With Running Injuries 471

Stergiou

Bates

James

1997

Medicine & Science in Sports &amp Exercise

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Considerable research interest has been directed toward better understanding the mechanisms by which runners are injured. Previous research has been unable to identify a relationship between specific anatomic abnormalities and abnormal biomechanics of the lower extremity with specific injuries. This lack of correlation could be the result of (a) poorly designed experiments, (b) incorporation of insufficient functional components into study designs and/or (c) the absence of an appropriate theoretical model.The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between (a) frontal plane kinematics (rearfoot motion), (b) sagittal plane kinematics and (c) kinetics (ground reaction impact forces) during distance running to gain a better understanding of lower extremity function and underlying mechanisms which might be implicated as possible precursors to injury. To accomplish this purpose, ten subjects ran under two different perturbed conditions (speed changes and obstacle heights) to facilitate increases in ν ground reaction impact forces (GRIF). Right side GRIF data were collected using an AMTI force platform (1000Hz), while both rear and sagittal view kinematic data were collected using an automated tracking system (200Hz). Subsequently, the knee angle during stance and parameters describing rearfoot motion were examined in conjunction with the impact forces. Finally, the biomechanical results were compared with the results from an orthopedic examination of the subjects to examine possible relationships between the two components. All data were evaluated using a single subject analysis with baseline adjustments before, between and after all perturbations.The results showed that increases in impact forces facilitated temporal disruptions between pronation/supination of the ankle and flexion/extension of the knee. Furthermore, the notion of differential response patterns between subjects was supported.Significant correlations between the subjects' rankings on the orthopedic examination and biomechanical evaluation predicting susceptibility of injury suggested that incorporating various meaningful functional components into a properly designed study may allow for an enhanced understanding of mechanisms associated with running injuries.

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Analysis of Running Pattern in Relation to Speed

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Kinematic analysis of the 100-m wheelchair race

Kinematic analysis of the 100-m wheelchair race

Changes in leg movements and muscle activity with speed of locomotion and mode of progression in humans

Mechanisms Associated With Running Injuries 471

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