Analysis of Risk Factors and Association of Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Markers With Conventional Markers in Delayed Fracture Related Infection for Closed Fracture

Abstract

Background: Fracture-related infections (FRI) remain a difficult consequence for orthopedic trauma patients, their relatives, the treating physicians, and the healthcare systems. Delayed fracture-related infection is an important step in the infection process that can be controlled by diagnosing and preventing it from moving to the next level. Neutrophils CD64 and CD66b were identified as sensitive indicators in the event of infection. Normal sequential changes, on the other hand, occur after surgery and are extremely high. They are back to normal on the 10 th day after the operation. The aim of this study was, therefore, to examine the risk factors associated with fracture-related infection by comparing cluster of differentiation (CD) indicators with conventional markers and comparing them with gold standards culture reports. As a result, it could be an early sign of a closed fracture infection.

Current Concepts of Fracture-Related Infection

“…In addition to D-dimer, Zhao et al [ 47 ] noted that interleukin-6 (IL-6) had similar diagnostic value for FRI, with comparison to ESR and CRP. Other analyzed indicators for FRI diagnosis included platelet count to mean platelet volume ratio [ 48 ], wound alpha defensin [ 49 ], and cluster of differentiation (CD) 64 [ 50 ]. It is interesting that even altered gut microbiota can be considered as an auxiliary indicator for FRI diagnosis [ 51 ].…”