Abstract:The aim of the study was to identify the state of residential buildings in terms of energy consumption and modernisation in Poland against the background of the EU, and to determine factors and activities increasing households′ interest in net-zero energy buildings. In the European Union, we are observing a tendency to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, including residential, and decarbonise building stock by 2050. The objective of the undertaken activities is to reduce energy use and the negative im… Show more
“…Another problem is the insufficient development of small household energy storage facilities. The results of the analyzes carried out in the article are consistent with the results of research published by other scientists (Szymańska et al, 2022;Raczkowski et al, 2022;Rokicki et al, 2022b).…”
Section: The Results Of Research Using the Foresight Methodssupporting
The Czech Republic and Poland face serious challenges related to the further development of renewable energy sources. It should be emphasized that a significant part of renewable energy sources (mainly except for photovoltaics) can be particularly easily implemented in rural areas. This is due to the dispersed development and the possibility of locating RES installations away from residential buildings. This may be particularly important in the case of biogas plants or large wind farms, which may be considered burdensome by some residents. It should be emphasized that both the Czech Republic and Poland do not fully exploit the potential of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The aim of the article is to determine the potential of rural areas in the Czech Republic and Poland to implement solutions based on renewable energy sources in the production of electricity and heat. The Foresight method was used during the research. The article also indicates the conditions related to the relief of energy transmission networks in connection with the reduction of the importance of large coal-fired power plants. It should be emphasized that the dispersion of energy generation sites will mean that energy will not have to be transmitted over very long distances.
“…Another problem is the insufficient development of small household energy storage facilities. The results of the analyzes carried out in the article are consistent with the results of research published by other scientists (Szymańska et al, 2022;Raczkowski et al, 2022;Rokicki et al, 2022b).…”
Section: The Results Of Research Using the Foresight Methodssupporting
The Czech Republic and Poland face serious challenges related to the further development of renewable energy sources. It should be emphasized that a significant part of renewable energy sources (mainly except for photovoltaics) can be particularly easily implemented in rural areas. This is due to the dispersed development and the possibility of locating RES installations away from residential buildings. This may be particularly important in the case of biogas plants or large wind farms, which may be considered burdensome by some residents. It should be emphasized that both the Czech Republic and Poland do not fully exploit the potential of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The aim of the article is to determine the potential of rural areas in the Czech Republic and Poland to implement solutions based on renewable energy sources in the production of electricity and heat. The Foresight method was used during the research. The article also indicates the conditions related to the relief of energy transmission networks in connection with the reduction of the importance of large coal-fired power plants. It should be emphasized that the dispersion of energy generation sites will mean that energy will not have to be transmitted over very long distances.
“…To adapt the system, it is necessary to reduce the supply temperature of the heating circuits to a maximum medium temperature of 40 °C. There is an attempt to solve the problem of reducing the supply temperature of the heating circuits, while retaining the existing heat transfer surface of the wall-mounted radiators, by thermomodernisation of the building involving a reduction of the heat load through decreasing the heat transfer coefficients of building envelopes [10]. As a result, the heat load of the building due to central heating will be reduced; however, is this sufficient to make the use of a single-stage compressor subcritical heat pump, with a maximum heating medium temperature of 40 °C and the existing heat transfer surface of the wall-mounted radiators, economically justifiable in such cases?…”
Section: Refrigeration System Parametersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is easy to answer this question. The heat transfer surface of a wall-mounted radiator is related to its capacity and the heat transfer coefficient of the material from which it is made according to equation 1 [10].…”
Section: Refrigeration System Parametersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A four-way valve is fitted in both stage I and II to enable reversible operation of the unit. In addition, in both the first and second stages there are auxiliary fittings in the form of sight glasses (11), filters (14), expansion valves (7), service valves (10) as well as liquid refrigerant reservoirs (16).…”
Section: Design Of the Refrigeration System Of A Two-stage High-tempe...mentioning
The paper presents the design of a two-stage subcritical compressor heat pump operating in an air-to-water system and running on environmentally friendly refrigerants. The pump is dedicated to buildings where there is a hightemperature central heating system and wall-mounted radiators are used as heat receivers. The first stage of the unit was supplied with R290 refrigerant and the second stage with R1234 ze(E) refrigerant. The nominal heating capacity of the unit is 10 kW for a lower source temperature in the range -20÷10 °C. The unit›s refrigeration system was designed and simulation tests were carried out to determine the unit›s operating parameters for the lower source temperature in the range -20÷10 °C, the condensation temperature of the stage I refrigerant for values: 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C and the condensation temperature of the stage II refrigerant in the range 30÷60 °C. The value of the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined in relation to the heating capacity generated in stages I and II to the electricity consumed, which value, depending on the operating parameters, ranges from 2.55 to 5.6. The value of the COP related to the heating capacity received from the stage II condenser to the total capacity consumed by the stage I and II compressor, depending on the operating parameters, ranges from 1.5 to 2.9. It was found that by using a stepless adjustment of the volumetric efficiency of the stage I and II compressor, it is possible to match the heating capacity of stage I to the cooling capacity of stage II and thus increase the COP value by 50%.
“…A significant number of buildings in Poland are characterized by high energy consumption, which is related to the low insulation of building envelopes. In addition, most of the thermal energy is generated by low-efficiency heat sources, which are characterized by high emissions of gases and dust [12]. Drastically rising costs of energy consumption [13], shortages and limitations in the supply of energy carriers in winter periods and poor quality of energy resources are some of the reasons why homeowners and housing associations decide to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings [14][15][16].…”
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is one of the main challenges facing Europe in the context of climate neutrality policy. In this article, the authors decided to investigate the impact of thermal insulation of building envelopes and the type of ventilation on the energy efficiency of multi-family buildings located in different Polish cities. In accordance with EU directives, economic analyses of the costs incurred during the lifecycle and calculations of CO2 emissions were carried out for the analyzed facilities. It was determined what measures need to be taken under Polish climatic conditions in order to meet the requirements for improving the energy efficiency of multi-family buildings. The multi-criteria analyses presented in this article provide a voice in the discussion of the issues related to the achievement of the energy performance of buildings with almost zero primary energy demand (nZEB). Based on the conclusions of the research conducted, it was possible to develop general recommendations for investors and designers of multi-family residential buildings characterized by energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact.
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