Analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in urban stormwater samples

Voorde, A. van de; Lorgeoux, Catherine; Gromaire, Marie-Christine; Chebbo, Ghassan

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.037

Cited by 65 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…BAC homologues often have diverse applications in commerce. BAC 12−16 are commonly used as surface disinfecting agents such as in hospitals and food industry, 23 and BAC-18 is generally added to shampoos and other personal care products. 14 In this work, BAC-12, 14, 16, and 18 were detected in almost all of the samples, while only two samples were detected for the more water-soluble BAC-8 and 10 homologues.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Ruan

Song

Wang

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

118

105

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have raised considerable attention due to their wide commercial applications and recent discovery of unknown persistent analogues in aqueous environment. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMAC), benzylakyldimethylethylammonium (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) homologues were investigated in fifty-two municipal sewage sludge samples. ATMAC C10−18, BAC C8−18 and paired DADMAC C8:8-C18:18 as well as emerging homologues such as 18:20 were identified for the first time by nontarget qualitative strategies. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer quantification method was also initially verified with the aid of laboratory synthesized standards for the analysis of the mixed DADMACs with no certificated commercial standards currently available. The total concentrations of ATMACs, BACs and DADMACs were in the range of 0.38−293, 0.09−191 and 0.64−344 μg/g dry weight, respectively, and particularly, mixed DADMACs constituted 39 ± 7% of total DADMAC concentrations. The concentrations and profiles of individual homologues further suggested different QAC applications and fate in China. Significant correlations were also found among the concentrations of various QAC homologues as well as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (total organic carbon contents and daily treatment volumes). ■ INTRODUCTIONRapid development of analytical methods and increasing public health concerns have improved the assessment and regulatory strategies for screening chemicals with persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic potentials, especially from the high production volume chemical (HPVC) list. 1−5 Surfactants are an economically important class of HPVCs, with wide consumer usages and industrial applications. The transport, fate, and possible adverse effects of some important neutral and anion surfactants, such as nonylphenolethoxylates and relevant metabolites, have been extensively investigated in various environmental compartments. 6,7 However, less attention has been raised on cationic surfactants, although some of these could be environmentally persistent as they result from the amphiphilic and electrostatic interactions with negatively charged surfaces and are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. 8−12 Here, we focused our research on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), a class of cationic surfactants that are commonly used as detergents, phase transfer catalysts, fabric softeners, disinfectants as well as preservatives and antielectrostatics in personal care products. 8,13 QACs mainly consist of the alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMACs), benzylalkyldimethylethylammonium (BACs), and dialkyldimethyl-ammonium compounds (DADMACs) as shown in Figure 1. The analysis and ecological risk assessment of QACs in the environment began in the 1980s. QAC residues have been found in surface water, 14 sewage effluent, 15,16 estuarine sediment, 9,13,17−19 sludge, 13,20,21 Received: November 12, 2013

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Ruan

Song

Wang

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

118

105

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“…or used for surface post-treatment (roof tiles, wooden surfaces, etc.) (Paulus 2005;Van de Voorde et al 2012). In general, 3 to 5 biocides are applied in order to broaden the spectrum of protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biocides are meant to migrate from the deeper layer to the surface of the coating to act on microorganisms (Paulus, 2005) and are hence released in runoff. Similarly, biocides used for post-treatment of building materials, such as cleaning agents for roof tiles (Van de Voorde et al 2012), are leached during wet weather and also contribute to runoff contamination. After entering the sewer network, they can be released into the aquatic environment and have negative effects on aquatic life (Singer et al 2010;Wick et al 2010;Wittmer et al 2010;Moschet et al 2015;Ccanccapa et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment

Paijens

Bressy

Frère

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings; (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters; and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers, and reports several solutions to address these issues.

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“…(Fu and Wang, 2011). Surfactants are added to the environment as a result of their wide use as cleaning agents and disinfectants (Van de Voorde et al, 2012), as adjuvants in commercial formulations of pesticides, and even as dissipaters in oil spills (Krogh et al, 2003;Salehian et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the surfactant benzalkonium chloride in the sorption of paraquat and cadmium on montmorillonite

Ilari

Etcheverry

Zenobi

et al. 2014

IJENVH

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Pesticides, heavy metals and surfactants can share the same region or site in the environment and thus they may compete for the surface of minerals. A competitive study of the adsorption between the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) with the heavy metal cadmium (Cd(II)) and the cationic herbicide paraquat (PQ) on montmorillonite is presented. Adsorption isotherms for BAC, PQ and Cd(II) were performed in single solute systems and also in binary solute systems, PQ+BAC and Cd(II)+BAC to evaluate the effects of BAC on the adsorption of the other two substances. The affinities of BAC and PQ were strong and similar, thus BAC affected significantly the adsorption of PQ and vice versa. The affinity of Cd(II) for the montmorillonite surface was low, thus BAC affected appreciably Cd(II) adsorption, but the heavy metal did not modify BAC adsorption. XRD data show that BAC molecules control the magnitude of the basal spacing.

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Analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in urban stormwater samples

Cited by 65 publications

References 31 publications

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment

Effect of the surfactant benzalkonium chloride in the sorption of paraquat and cadmium on montmorillonite

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