“…Energy conservation and environmental preservation present formidable challenges within the context of industrialized society. 1 , 2 Owing to its pollution-free characteristics and remarkable efficiency, PEMFCs have emerged as one of the important development directions of clean energy. 3 , 4 Their application has already reached a certain level of maturation within the automotive sector, as discerned by the active integration of FCEVs by prominent automobile manufacturers.…”