Analysis of predictors of response to anti-IgE therapy in patients with severe atopic bronchial asthma in real clinical practice

Abstract

Introduction. Guidelines on Biological Therapy for Bronchial Asthma of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) identified a number of controversial issues for additional outcome analysis using randomized clinical trials and data from routine clinical practice. In particular, there is unmet need to clarify algorithms for prescribing biologicals using predictors of response and its timing, taking into account risk factors and multimorbidity. Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody of IgG1 class used for the treatment of severe refractory atopic bronchial asthma (BA) and a variety of IgE-mediated diseases. Among biological agents, this "pioneer molecule" has the greatest experience in the "allergology and immunology" profile. Detailed description of the "nonresponders" portraits will allow to perform the therapy response assessment on time and facilitate rational planning of individual therapy, which is a prerequisite for biologicals era. Using only routine methods, it is possible to perform initial and dynamic screening to phenotype a heterogeneous cohort of patients with severe asthma and chose the optimal strategy.
 Aim. To identify predictors of nonresponse to omalizumab anti-IgE therapy in patients with severe atopic BA and to establish optimal timing of efficacy assessment using retrospective analysis of data from the Biologic Therapy Registry of Allergology and Immunology in routine clinical practice.
 Materials and methods. A retrospective single-center registry study was conducted at the Allergy and Immunology Reference Center from June 2017 to August 2021. 135 patients with severe BA, with confirmed perennial sensitization, who received omalizumab according to the recommendations of the current version of GINA, were selected from the clinical and dynamic observational system (registry). Dosing regimen and administration frequency of omalizumab were determined in accordance with the instructions for the drug. Assessment of therapy efficacy was performed at the time point 4, 6 and 12 months. Patients were subgrouped into "responders" and "non-responders" according to the following criteria: ACT score less than 19 and/or difference between initial ACT score in dynamics less than 3 points; forced expiratory volume in the first second less than 80%; combination of these two criteria. Nonparametric methods of descriptive statistics were used in data processing: median, interquartile range. Differences were considered significant at p0.05. MannWhitney U-test, KruskalWallis one-way analysis of variance, and Fisher's 2 test were used to compare quantitative characteristics.
 Results. Heterogeneous subgroups of patients differing in reaching the criteria of "non-responders" to treatment were identified; the informativity of modifiable and unmodifiable factors differed at time-points of dynamic observation. In the differential analysis, two profiles of "nonresponders" were defined in combination with the most significant predictors of "nonrsponse" to omalizumab. According to the data obtained, one of the clinical phenotypes, namely the combination of severe asthma with the Samters triad, corresponded to the characteristics of the patient "nonresponders": age of onset is about 30 years, females, severe exacerbations of BA while taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, accompanied with high levels of eosinophilia.
 Conclusion. The data obtained illustrates the hypothesis of pathogenetic heterogeneity of severe BA with the phenomenon of overlapping phenotypes and can serve as an additional orienteer for creating the individual plan of anti-IgE therapy in real clinical practice.

Comparison of the General Characteristics of Patients with Severe Asthma Who Switched from Omalizumab to Mepolizumab versus Patients Who Responded to Omalizumab Treatment: A Real-Life Study

“…In addition, the rate of drug allergy was higher in patients who switched to mepolizumab due to omalizumab treatment failure. In a study by Fomina et al [25], the N-ERD history and blood eosinophil count were found to be higher in patients who did not respond to omalizumab treatment.…”

“…In the current study, the rate of CRSwNP was seen to be significantly higher in patients with severe asthma who were switched to mepolizumab due to omalizumab unresponsiveness. There are some studies in the literature suggesting that the rate of CRSwNP is high in patients with severe asthma who do not respond to omalizumab treatment [25,26]. In addition, the rate of drug allergy was higher in patients who switched to mepolizumab due to omalizumab treatment failure.…”

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children with Asthma and Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination: Current Evidence and Review of the Literature

“…Biological drugs can block specific immune pathways that limit the cascade determining inflammation, and for this reason, they are used in the treatment of severe forms of asthma [ 65 ]. Many monoclonal antibodies are currently approved for severe type 2 asthma in adults: omalizumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, reslizumab and dupilumab [ 66 ].…”