Analysis of Potassium Bromate and Hydrocyanic Acid Contents of Commonly Consumed Loaves of Bread and Wheat Flour Samples In Karu,Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Ojo, Rotimi Johnson

doi:10.9790/2402-0614246

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Only the allocation to bathing water was considered. There might be other sources such as the drinking water or the use of potassium bromate as an additive in flour (E924) (Johnson 2013 ), which, although banned in the EU since 1990, is still permitted in other countries, e.g., the USA (Shanmugavel et al 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

et al. 2022

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Bromate, classified as a EU CLP 1B carcinogen, is a typical by-product of the disinfection of drinking and swimming pool water. The aim of this study was (a) to provide data on the occurrence of bromate in pool water, (b) to re-evaluate the carcinogenic MOA of bromate in the light of existing data, (c) to assess the possible exposure to bromate via swimming pool water and (d) to inform the derivation of cancer risk-related bromate concentrations in swimming pool water. Measurements from monitoring analysis of 229 samples showed bromate concentrations in seawater pools up to 34 mg/L. A comprehensive non-systematic literature search was done and the quality of the studies on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity was assessed by Klimisch criteria (Klimisch et al., Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:1–5, 1997) and SciRAP tool (Beronius et al., J Appl Toxicol, 38:1460–1470, 2018) respectively. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling was performed using the modeling average mode in BMDS 3.1 and PROAST 66.40, 67 and 69 (human cancer BMDL10; EFSA 2017). For exposure assessment, data from a wide range of sources were evaluated for their reliability. Different target groups (infants/toddlers, children and adults) and exposure scenarios (recreational, sport-active swimmers, top athletes) were considered for oral, inhalation and dermal exposure. Exposure was calculated according to the frequency of swimming events and duration in water. For illustration, cancer risk-related bromate concentrations in pool water were calculated for different target groups, taking into account their exposure using the hBMDL10 and a cancer risk of 1 in 100,000. Convincing evidence was obtained from a multitude of studies that bromate induces oxidative DNA damage and acts as a clastogen in vitro and in vivo. Since statistical modeling of the available genotoxicity data is compatible with both linear as well as non-linear dose–response relationships, bromate should be conservatively considered to be a non-threshold carcinogen. BMD modeling with model averaging for renal cancer studies (Kurokawa et al., J Natl. Cancer Inst, 1983 and 1986a; DeAngelo et al., Toxicol Pathol 26:587–594, 1998) resulted in a median hBMDL10 of 0.65 mg bromate/kg body weight (bw) per day. Evaluation of different age and activity groups revealed that top athletes had the highest exposure, followed by sport-active children, sport-active adults, infants and toddlers, children and adults. The predominant route of exposure was oral (73–98%) by swallowing water, followed by the dermal route (2–27%), while the inhalation route was insignificant (< 0.5%). Accepting the same risk level for all population groups resulted in different guidance values due to the large variation in exposure. For example, for an additional risk of 1 in 100,000, the bromate concentrations would range between 0.011 for top athletes, 0.015 for sport-active children and 2.1 mg/L for adults. In conclusion, the present study shows that health risks due to bromate exposure by swimming pool water cannot be excluded and that large differences in risk exist depending on the individual swimming habits and water concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

et al. 2022

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“…Some wheat flours are enriched with oxidizing improvers such as potassium bromate and ascorbic acid in order to stimulate the development of gluten in the dough and this type of flour provides dependable results (making the dough stronger and elastic) required by the majority of bakers. The use of KBrO3 among flour millers is becoming common all over the world due to its low-price and its ability to oxidize sulphydryl groups of the gluten protein of the flour into disulphide bridges, thereby becoming less extensible and highly elastic such that it can retain the carbon dioxide gas produced by the yeast (Johnson et al, 2013). The report showed that some flours are brominated in order to make bread rise in the oven, increasing the volume MODE, M. A; DANDARE, S. U; UMAR, R. A of a loaf and its texture so as to attract high patronage from the bakers whose demands are to produce products that are pleasing to the public (Nakamura et al, 2006;Emeje et al, 2010).…”

Section: The Use Of Potassium Bromate By Nigerian Bread Bakers: Inten...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ban on the Use of Potassium Bromate in Nigeria: A Review on Bread Bakers’ Compliance with Regulations

Mode¹,

Dandare²,

Umar³

2023

jasem

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Bread is one of the basic and popular foods consumed by the majority of the Nigerians irrespective of their ethnic or socioeconomic status. Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is well known bread enhancer. Because of its negative health effects it has been banned in Nigeria and other countries. This paper aims to reviews studies on the use of KBrO3 in bread to ascertain the safety of the bread products and to also evaluate bakers’ compliance with specified regulations. The paper also assesses the possible reasons for the use of KBrO3 by the bread bakers (intentional or unintentional?) as well as addressed what regulatory bodies need to do to improve the bakers’ compliance. Fourty seven (47) articles were evaluated and 95.74% of them reported the presence of potassium bromate in the bread samples analysed, which suggests that use of Potassium bromate in bread production in Nigeria is very common and breads sold in Nigeria are unsafe for human consumption. This high usage may be attributed to factors such as bromine in wheat flour, adulterated improvers or due to use of brominated flour. Also, economic gain, high cost of ingredients and poor enlightenment and enforcement may also be contributing factors. Therefore, regulatory bodies need to adopt strategies such as Post-marketing Surveillance (PMS), on the-spot analysis, effective monitoring and enforcement, stringent regulations, and sustained routine and surveillance inspections to at least reduce, if not eliminate, the use of KBrO3 as bread enhancer.

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“…The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have designated bromate as possibly Group 2B carcinogenic to human beings [17,18]. Some of the reported effects of bromate contamination in human beings include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, kidney failure, oligonuria, anuria, deafness, vertigo, hypotension, and depression of the central nervous system [19]. The European commission and WHO recommend an acceptable daily intake (ADI) limit of 0.01 mg/L for bromate ion [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of nitrate, nitrite and bromate by capillary zone electrophoresis in tea infusions grown in the Black Sea region of Turkey

Tembo

Aygün

Erdoğan

2020

Separation Science Plus

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A quick method for the simultaneous determination of nitrate, nitrite and bromate ions in tea infusions using capillary zone electrophoresis was developed. A three‐factor full factorial design was applied for the determination of optimal conditions. Prior to the full factorial analysis, a number of experiments were conducted. A 50 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 3.5 was selected. A capillary temperature of 40 °C, −20 kV applied voltage, 61.5 cm total capillary length (53.5 cm effective length) with 50 μm i.d., and 50 mbar injection pressure for 30 s were used. The limits of detection for nitrate, nitrite, and bromate were 0.60, 0.99, and 2.14 mg/L, respectively. The anions could be detected by the method with good resolution within 7 min with average spike recovery ranging between 91.6 and 105.5% (n = 3).

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Analysis of Potassium Bromate and Hydrocyanic Acid Contents of Commonly Consumed Loaves of Bread and Wheat Flour Samples In Karu,Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

Ban on the Use of Potassium Bromate in Nigeria: A Review on Bread Bakers’ Compliance with Regulations

Simultaneous determination of nitrate, nitrite and bromate by capillary zone electrophoresis in tea infusions grown in the Black Sea region of Turkey

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