Analysis of post-harvest treatment practices for kola (Cola nitida) using the HACCP system in three cities of Côte d'Ivoire

Abstract

The aim of this study is to propose a revised treatment scheme for fresh kola nuts (Cola nitida) using Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). Specifically, this will involve analysing the nut processing diagram used by the stakeholders, identifying critical points and proposing corrective measures for these critical points. A survey at kola producers and traders, coupled with an on-site diagnosis, was carried out in the cities of Anyama, Bouaké and Agboville. The verification of the preconditions was based on a checklist. In addition, the kola nut processing and storage system was evaluated according to the 12 steps of the HACCP system. The diagnosis of the sector revealed an informal organization and traditional practices. A revised diagram of the cola treatment process according to the HACCP system has been developed. This diagram includes three critical control points (CCPs) at the reception, sorting and biopesticide treatment level. A HACCP plan has been drafted to better monitor and control each critical point. The technical routes for processing cola do not guarantee good quality nuts. They do not comply with good hygiene practices (GHP) during the processing and storage process. The adoption and monitoring of the HACCP system would be beneficial for the kola industry.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Kolanuts (Cola nitida Schott & Amp; Endl) Daily Intake Exposure Risk from Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa

“…In addition, on-farm, contamination by PAHs comes from agricultural incinerators [42]. According to N'Guessan et al [23] the kolanuts are packaged and presented to the consumer with a precarious concern for hygiene. The whole of the bad practices of treatment of the kolanuts applied, to the store of storage is source of PAHs contamination.…”

“…Yet, kolanut plays a vital and leading role in the economy of Côte d'Ivoire as well as many African households and public authorities, which is reported to be the world leader of kolanut production. For example, Ivorian production reaches about 260,000 tons of fresh kolanuts per year [23,7]. About 90% of this production is consumed daily by the population and this, in many sociocultural rituals such as weddings, baptisms, expressions of friendship, funerals and rituals of sacrifice [24,25].…”

Assessment of the Risk of Exposure of Côte D’ivoire Kola Nuts (Cola nitida Schott & Endl. to Pyrethrinoids and Oragnophosphorus Pesticides

“…Indeed, kola nuts actors use various types of pesticides including banned ones to ward off pests (Balanogastris kolae, Sophrorhinus spp) which can cause 30-70% damage on the stored nuts while 100% damage has been recorded in cases of late harvest [14,20]. Thus, according to some authors, the addition of these inputs during these stages to avoid the development of fungi and weevils would result in contamination by residues of pesticides and other organic pollutants [23,34,36].…”

“…They are also used in the pharmaceutical and food industries to produce cardiac stimulants, laxatives, sedatives and sodas [18].The bulk of Kola nuts produced in West Africa, in particular in Côte d'Ivoire is consumed locally and exported to Nigeria, Mali and Burkina Faso as fresh nuts [19]. So, to keep the kola nuts in this fresh state and reduce the rate of loss (30% -70%) during the post-harvest process, the various actors use traditional conservation techniques involving the use of pesticides [14,20,21] throughout the post-harvest process including, among other things, destressing, soaking in water, pulping, washing, storage and handling of kolanuts [22,23]. Most of these pesticides found, including banned, are essentially organochlorines, organophosphorus pyrethroids whose active molecules are known to have short-, medium-and long-term toxicity [4,24,25].This constitutes a risk to the health of the consumers if the toxicity of these compounds were proven.…”

Temporal Evolution of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Kola Nuts (Cola nitida Vent Nuts. Schott & Endl.) Processing in Eastern of Côte d’Ivoire

“…Indeed, the kola nut is attacked by pests such as weevils, fungi that can cause 30 to 70% losses during storage [16,17]. To remedy these harms, the various actors use traditional conservation techniques involving the use of pesticides [18,19,20] throughout the post-harvest process including, among other things, destressing, soaking in water, pulping, washing, storage and handling of kola nuts [21,22]. Most of these pesticides found are essentially organochlorines, organophosphorus, pyrethrinoids whose active molecules are known to have short-, medium-and long-term toxicity [23,24].…”