Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave‐assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

Castro, Dionísia; Slezáková, Klára; Oliva-Teles, Maria Teresa; Delerue–Matos, Cristina; Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M.; Morais, Simone; Pereira, Maria do Carmo

doi:10.1002/jssc.200800495

Cited by 54 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…By using closed vessels, the extraction can be performed at elevated temperatures accelerating the mass transfer of target compounds from the sample matrix. In most cases, reproducibility and extraction yields are improved compared to those reached by traditional methods, using less energy and solvent volume (Srogi, 2006;Portet-Koltalo et al, 2007;Her-bert et al, 2006;Castro et al, 2009). Only two works were found concerning extraction of biopolymer seaweed with some kind of microwave-based technique.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agar extraction from integrated multitrophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: Evaluation of a microwave-assisted process using response surface methodology

Sousa

Alves

Morais

et al. 2010

Bioresource Technology

113

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A B S T R A C TMicrowave-assisted extraction (MAE) of agar from Gracilaria vermiculophylla, produced in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system, from Ria de Aveiro (northwestern Portugal), was tested and optimized using response surface methodology. The influence of the MAE operational parameters (extraction time, temperature, solvent volume and stirring speed) on the physical and chemical proper-ties of agar (yield, gel strength, gelling and melting temperatures, as well as, sulphate and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose contents) was evaluated in a 2 4 orthogonal composite design. The quality of the extracted agar compared favorably with the attained using traditional extraction (2 h at 85 °C) while reducing drasti-cally extraction time, solvent consumption and waste disposal requirements. Agar MAE optimum results were: an yield of 14.4 ± 0.4%, a gel strength of 1331 ± 51 g/cm 2 , 40.7 ± 0.2 °C gelling temperature, 93.1 ± 0.5 °C melting temperature, 1.73 ± 0.13% sulfate content and 39.4 ± 0.3% 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose content. Furthermore, this study suggests the feasibility of the exploitation of G. vermiculophylla grew in IMTA systems for agar production.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agar extraction from integrated multitrophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: Evaluation of a microwave-assisted process using response surface methodology

Sousa

Alves

Morais

et al. 2010

Bioresource Technology

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The conditions of PM 10 and PM 2.5 extraction processes were previously optimized. 30 Filters with PM were transferred to the glass extraction vessels and 30 mL of acetonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich) were added to each filter. The MAE of PM 10 and PM 2.5 was performed for 20 min at 110°C after the extraction vessels were allowed to cool at room temperature.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Slezáková

Castro

Pereira

et al. 2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proven to be toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic, there is widespread interest in analyzing and evaluating exposure to PAHs in atmospheric environments influenced by different emission sources. Because traffic emissions are one of the biggest sources of fine particles, more information on carcinogenic PAHs associated with fine particles needs to be provided. Aiming to further understand the impact of traffic particulate matter (PM) on human health, this study evaluated the influence of traffic on PM 10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter Ͻ10 m) and PM 2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter Ͻ2.5 m), considering their concentrations and compositions in carcinogenic PAHs. Samples were collected at one site influenced by traffic emissions and at one reference site using lowvolume samplers. Analysis of PAHs was performed by microwave-assisted extraction combined with liquid chromatography (MAE-LC); 17 PAHs, including 9 carcinogenic ones, were quantified. At the site influenced by traffic emissions, PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations were, respectively, 380 and 390% higher than at the background site. When influenced by traffic emissions, the total concentration of nine carcinogenic compounds (naphthalene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene) was increased by 2400 and 3000% in PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively; these nine carcinogenic compounds represented 68 and 74% of total PAHs (⌺ PAHs ) for PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. All PAHs, including the carcinogenic compounds, were mainly present in fine particles. Considering the strong influence of these fine particles on human health, these conclusions are relevant for the development of strategies to protect public health.

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“…Limits of detection between 0.0016 ng m -3 (0.090 µg L ). The previously optimized analytical methodology (Castro et al, 2009) provided evidence that acceptable recoveries (between 82.8 ± 4.5 to 101.0 ± 4.7% for all compounds except for naphthalene, 56.7 ± 9.1%, and anthracene, 66.7 ± 7.2%) and repeatability (between 0.2% for acenaphthene and 4.2% for pyrene) are achieved for all PAHs. The reproducibility (between-day precision) of the analysis was also evaluated by repeating the analysis of spiked samples on three consecutive days.…”

Section: Pahs Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Extractions of PAHs from the indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 samples were performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE; MARS-X 1500 W Microwave Accelerated Reaction System for Extraction and Digestion, CEM, Mathews, NC, USA) applying the previously optimised conditions (Castro et al, 2009). Briefly, 30.0 mL of acetonitrile (Lichrosol for gradient elution, Carlo Erba, Rodano, Italy, purity > 99.9%) were used at 110 ºC during an extraction time of 20 min.…”

Section: Pahs Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5

Castro¹,

Slezáková²,

Delerue–Matos³

et al. 2013

Issue 1

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Traffic emissions and tobacco smoke are considered two main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air. In this study, the impact of these sources on the level of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and on the distribution of 15 PAHs regarded as priority pollutants by the US-EPA on PM 2.5 were evaluated and compared.Outdoor and indoor PM 2.5 samples were collected during winter 2008 in Oporto city in Portugal, for sampling periods of 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The outdoor PM 2.5 were sampled at one site directly influenced by traffic emissions and the indoor PM 2.5 samples were collected at one home directly influenced by tobacco smoke and another one without smoke. A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was applied for the efficient PAHs determination in indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 .PAHs in indoor PM 2.5 concentrations were significantly influenced by the presence of traffic and tobacco smoking emissions. The mean of ΣPAHs in the outdoor traffic PM 2.5 was not significantly different from the value attained in the indoor without smoking site.The tobacco smoke increased significantly PAHs concentrations on average about 1000 times more, when compared with the outdoor profile samples suggesting that tobacco smoking may be the most important source of indoor PAHs pollution.

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Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave‐assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

Cited by 54 publications

References 36 publications

Agar extraction from integrated multitrophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: Evaluation of a microwave-assisted process using response surface methodology

Agar extraction from integrated multitrophic aquacultured Gracilaria vermiculophylla: Evaluation of a microwave-assisted process using response surface methodology

Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5

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