Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and emerging halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants in human hair and nails

Liu, Liang‐Ying; Salamova, Amina; He, Ka; Hites, Ronald A.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.003

Cited by 84 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…In general, very little is known about human exposure to some of these chemicals (e.g.,BPDP, IDDP, IPP), but there have been some reports for the others. Body burden (hair, urine, serum) of these chemical is reported in approximately the pg to ng/g range (Cooper et al, 2011; Kim and Oh, 2014; Liu et al, 2015; Meeker et al, 2013; Reemtsma et al, 2011), which is at least 1000 times lower than the lowest exposure concentration used in the present study. In some cases, however, higher levels are reported in some humans in the lower µg/g range (Cooper et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2015; Reemtsma et al, 2011); these body burden concentrations may overlap with some of the lower concentrations used in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Acute and developmental behavioral effects of flame retardants and related chemicals in zebrafish

Jarema

Hunter

Shaffer

et al. 2015

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

146

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As polybrominated diphenyl ethers are phased out, numerous compounds are emerging as potential replacement flame retardants for use in consumer and electronic products. Little is known, however, about the neurobehavioral toxicity of these replacements. This study evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of acute or developmental exposure to t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP; also abbreviated TCP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP; also abbreviated TPP), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP; also abbreviated TDCPP), tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), and 2,2-,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Larvae (n ≈ 24 per dose per compound) were exposed to test compounds (0.4–120 µM) at sub-teratogenic concentrations either developmentally or acutely, and locomotor activity was assessed at 6 days post fertilization. When given developmentally, all chemicals except BPDP, IDDP and TBBPA produced behavioral effects. When given acutely, all chemicals produced behavioral effects, with TPHP, TBBPA, EHDP, IPP, and BPDP eliciting the most effects at the most concentrations. The results indicate that these replacement flame retardants may have developmental or pharmacological effects on the vertebrate nervous system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Acute and developmental behavioral effects of flame retardants and related chemicals in zebrafish

Jarema

Hunter

Shaffer

et al. 2015

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

146

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“…Metabolites of OPE were also found in urine of California adults and German children . In addition, previous studies have verified the occurrence of OPEs in human hair , breast milk , and nails . However, to the best of our knowledge, OPE concentrations and distributions in human serum have not previously been determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Organophosphate ester flame retardant concentrations and distributions in serum from inhabitants of Shandong, China, and changes between 2011 and 2015

Jin

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The production and use of brominated flame retardants have been increasingly restricted. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used as substitutes for brominated flame retardants. However, little is yet known about human exposure to OPEs. The potential health risks posed by OPEs were assessed by determining the concentrations of 6 OPEs in pooled serum samples from residents of Shandong, China. The mean ∑ OPE concentrations in 2011 and 2015 were 680 ng/g lipid and 709 ng/g lipid, respectively. The most abundant OPE was tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, contributing a mean of 82% of the ∑ OPE concentration. A significant correlation was found between the tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri-n-butylphosphate concentrations, possibly indicating that these OPEs are used in similar applications and have similar human exposure pathways in the study area. The mean tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate concentration increased from 536 ng/g lipid in 2011 to 605 ng/g lipid in 2015, but the concentrations of tri-n-butylphosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tris(methylphenyl) esters decreased between 2011 and 2015. This could indicate that chlorinated OPEs bioaccumulate in humans more strongly than nonchlorinated OPEs do. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:414-421. © 2016 SETAC.

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“…In addition, EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP have been detected in atmospheric particles from the European Arctic and in marine mammals, underscoring the potential for long-term transport of these compounds and illustrating their current farreaching global distribution (Lam et al, 2009;Salamova et al, 2014;Zhu et al, 2014). Furthermore, EH-TBB and BEH-TEBP have been measured in human hair and nails and the urinary metabolite of EH-TBB, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA), has been frequently detected in recent analyses of human urine, suggesting that human exposure to FM 550 is widespread (Butt et al, 2014;Hoffman et al, 2014;Liu et al, 2015). Other metabolites of FM 550 measured previously in urine include diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBMEHP) (Van den Eede et al, 2013bEede et al, , 2014Silva et al, 2015) (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Editor’s Highlight: Transplacental and Lactational Transfer of Firemaster® 550 Components in Dosed Wistar Rats

Phillips¹,

Chen²,

Rock³

et al. 2016

Toxicol. Sci.

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FiremasterV R 550 (FM 550) is a commercial mixture of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants currently in use as a replacement for pentaBDE. Its organophosphate components include triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and a suite of isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers (ITPs); its brominated components include 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP). Taken together, these chemicals have been shown to be endocrine disrupting and potentially toxic, and human exposure to them is widespread. In this study, maternal transfer of FM 550 components, and in some cases their metabolites, was investigated in dosed Wistar rats. Gestational and lactational transfer were examined separately, with dams orally exposed to 300 or 1000 mg of FM 550 for 10 consecutive days during gestation (gestational day [GD] 9-18) or lactation (postnatal day [PND] 3-12). Levels of parent compounds were measured in fetus and whole pup tissue homogenates, and in dam and pup serum, and several metabolites were measured in dam and pup urine. EH-TBB body burdens resulting from lactational transfer were approximately 200-to 300-fold higher than those resulting from placental transfer, whereas low levels of BEH-TEBP were transferred during both lactation and gestation. TPHP and ITPs were rapidly metabolized by the dams and were not detected in whole tissue homogenates. However, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and mono-isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP) were detected in urine from the dosed animals. This study is the first to confirm ip-PPP as a urinary metabolite of ITPs and establish a pharmacokinetic profile of FM 550 in a mammalian model.

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Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and emerging halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants in human hair and nails

Cited by 84 publications

References 31 publications

Acute and developmental behavioral effects of flame retardants and related chemicals in zebrafish

Acute and developmental behavioral effects of flame retardants and related chemicals in zebrafish

Organophosphate ester flame retardant concentrations and distributions in serum from inhabitants of Shandong, China, and changes between 2011 and 2015

Editor’s Highlight: Transplacental and Lactational Transfer of Firemaster® 550 Components in Dosed Wistar Rats

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