Analysis of pilocarpine and its trans epimer, isopilocarpine, by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis: A new technique in the analysis of plant secondary metabolites

“…Theory predicts that short separation times will give the highest efficiencies since diffusion is the most important feature contributing to band broadening. Increases in applied voltage lead to shorter migration times when analysing phenolic acids by MECC (Bjergegaard et a[., 1992), alkaloids by CZE (Baeyens et al, 1993), capsacinoids by MECC (Khaled et al, 1993) and glucosinolates by MECC . Reduction in migration time is highest for compounds having long MTs, meaning that the overall time of analysis is reduced at high voltage.…”

“…For instance, in the analysis of cardiac glycosides, a-CD did not improve separation at all, but addition of p-CD significantly increased the resolution power, and y-CD led to a very good separation . CDs have also been used in the separation of the optical isomers pilocarpin and isopilocarpin by MECC (Baeyens et al, 1993), and in the analysis of gibberelins and other plant hormones by CZE (Ye0 et al, 1992).…”

“…The imidazole alkaloids from Pilocarpus jaborandi (Rutaceae) , namely pilocarpin and isopilocarpin (which are optical isomers), were separated by CZE with phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) using /3-cyclodextrin as a modifier (Baeyens et al, 1993). The oxindole alkaloids from Uncaria tornentosa (Rubiaceae) were analysed by CZE with phosphate buffer pH 5.6.…”

Chiral separations in capillary electrophoresis

“…The methods deal with enantiomeric determination of aminophosphoric acids effective in medication of osteoporosis [189], determination of amphetamines and amphetamine analogs in urine and determination of their enantiomeric composition [190], enantiomeric separation of D,L-carnitine [191,192], 2¢-deoxo-3¢-thiacytidine [193] and deprenyl and its major metabolites [194], capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation of ephedrine, selegiline and methamphetamine [195] as well as determination of ephedrine compounds in nutritional supplements [196], determination of fenfluramide enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations [197], quantitation of l-L-folinic acid in the presence of its pharmaceutically inactive d-L-form in commercial pharmaceutical formulations [198], separation of enantiomers and diastereoisomers of 4-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one derivatives [199], optimized separation and detection of the enantiomers of isoprotenerol in microdialysis samples [200], chiral separation of lobeline and metoxamine [201] and of local anesthetics [202], ultrafast chiral separations of the basic drugs isoprotenerol and metaprotenerol [203], separation of enantiomers of mianserine analogs [204], muscarinic antagonists [205] as well as the drugs norverapamil and verapamil [206]. Analysis of pilocarpine and its transepimer isopilocarpine serves as routine control of eye drops [207]; chiral differentiation of optical isomers of racemorphan in urine serves for the separation of synthetic analogs of morphine in the forensic control [208]. Enantiomeric separation of salbutamol and related impurities serves as a step in the drug control [209].…”

Two examples of rapid and simple drug analysis in pharmaceutical formulations using capillary electrophoresis: Naphazoline, dexamethasone and benzalkonium in nose drops and nystatin in an oily suspension

“…The present paper deals with the quantitative analysis of the drugs contained in these preparations using CE. Naphazoline seems to be predestined for CE; it was used as internal standard in pilocarpine analysis [4]. Dexamethasone was separated from other glucocorticoids in serum samples using mixed micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography [5] and determined in equine urine by MEKC [6].…”