Analysis of Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters in Refill Drinking Water Sources and Health Risk Assessment – A Case Study in Bandung District, Indonesia

Abstract

The decline in the quality of groundwater occurred in Bandung District, especially in three areas, namely Ciparay, Dayeuhkolot and Margaasih sub-districts. Pattern shifting in the use of drinking water occurred from groundwater sources to refill drinking water sources. Refill drinking water as a new emerging source is inseparable from contamination. Therefore, a public health risk assessment is carried out due to the use of refill drinking water. Analysis of physicochemical and microbial of refill drinking water was carried out on 45 refill drinking water sample in three areas. Risk characterization is carried out by quantitative methods of calculating the value of the Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) with Monte Carlo analysis. Quality of refill drinking water exceeds the quality standard of Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 492/2010 on the parameters of E. coli, total coliform, and heavy metals (Fe, Al, Se). Oral exposure from refill drinking water showed an acceptable non-carcinogenic risk (HI ≤ 1) in all categories from three areas but adult category in Ciparay Subdistrict has maximum tolerable value for Excess Cancer Risk (ECR), 1 x 10 -4 , shown that the use of refill drinking water in this area can affect to human health in long-term situation for adults. Reducing public health risk can conducted by improving the process in refill drinking water station, evaluate the quality regularly, and revised the land use masterplan by the government.

The Impact of Wastewater on the Quality of Water of Nerodime River

“…The dumping of wastewater into surface water endangers the aquatic ecosystem by disrupting natural environmental conditions and exposing aquatic species living in that area to hazardous chemicals (Oyekanmi et al, 2021). The amount of biodegradable organic components that end up in receiving water bodies from inadequately treated wastewater effluents greatly increases the consumption of dissolved oxygen (Khanh & Nam 2022;Hasanawi & Salami 2022;El Ouadrhiri et al, 2022). As a result, as the concentration of dissolved oxygen declines, aquatic species' survival becomes challenging and perhaps dangerous.…”