Analysis of phenol-formaldehyde resols by gel permeation chromatography

Duval, Michel; Bloch, B.; Kohn, Siegfried

doi:10.1002/app.1972.070160701

Cited by 72 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These identifications were made by comparing GPC chromatograms of phenolic resins before and after addition of phenol and formaldehyde to the sample. The assignments agree with those of previous workers (10)(11)(12)(13). Other peaks evident at early stages of the reaction (i.e., those between elution volumes 32 and 45 mL) may be monomers and dimers of polymethylolphenol.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Phenol-Formaldehyde Copolymer on Gluebond Performance of Lignin-Phenolic Resin Systems

Hse

Hong

1989

ACS Symposium Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A series of experiments was conducted to optimize 1) molar ratio of formaldehyde/phenol, 2) sodium hydroxide catalyst, and 3) reactant concentration of phenolic copolymer to lignin in terms of providing the best performance of lignin-phenolic resin systems for structural flakeboard panels. At 25/75 (w/w) mixture of phenolic/lignin, a methylolated lignin blended with phenolic resin synthesized with a formaldehyde/phenol ratio of 3 consistently resulted in higher bond strength, lower thickness swell, and smaller linear expansion of structural flakeboard. Gluebond performance improved as the NaOH/phenol ratio increased from 0.2 to 0.7. Further increases in sodium hydroxide adversely affected gluebond performance. Panel strength properties decreased with increasing resin solids content. Adhesives formulated with 75% of methylolated lignins as substi tutes for phenolic resins can be used to make structural flakeboards with acceptable properties.Incorporation of lignin into phenol-formaldehyde resins has been one of the primary areas of research in lignin utilization. When lignin is used directly as a replacement for phenol, the maximum acceptable level of replacement is about 20% (1). However, a higher degree of replacement can be achieved using modified lignin (2-7). Of all lignin modification treatments, those that increase chemical reactivity or reactive sites, such as phenolation or methylolation, seem to be the most promising.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Phenol-Formaldehyde Copolymer on Gluebond Performance of Lignin-Phenolic Resin Systems

Hse

Hong

1989

ACS Symposium Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been used to separate and analyze phenol-formaldehyde resols [3] and novolaks [ 11 ]. The resulting chromatograms show the distribution of the various constituents by molecular size and are verified by reference compounds and known compounds with similar chemical structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating and Identifying the Active Ingredient of a Stain Resist Compound

Bauers

Keown

Malone

1993

Textile Research Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A sulfonated aromatic stain resist chemical consisting of the condensation product of phenol sulfonic acid, dihydroxy diphenol sulfone, and formaldehyde was separated by semi-prep scale reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Stain resistance activity was demonstrated in only two of the ten fractions that were isolated, with very slight activity in another two fractions. The active stain resist component is a low molecular weight condensation product of the sulfonic acid and sulfone with the phenolic groups converted to alkyl aryl ethers. The active component comprises only about 10% of the total weight of the stain resist chemical.Sulfonated aromatic compounds (SAC) are used in the textile industry to produce multicolor printed fabrics by preventing acid dyes from interacting with nylon and wool textiles. These materials are also extensively used to produce stain resistant carpeting by treating dyed carpet with SAC to provide resistance to staining by natural and synthetic food dyes and colorants [8]. SAC materials are normally applied at low pH to assure protonation of the sulfonic acid. At slightly acidic conditions, the treated nylon yellows, while under basic conditions, the treatment is ineffective [6]. During SAC treatment of the polyamide, only a small amount of the SAC is exhausted onto the polyamide. Several possible mechanisms for the resistance to staining of dyeing have been proposed. The sulfonic acid groups on the SAC will react with the polyamide amine groups to prevent the reaction between the acid dye and the basic amine groups. Harris and Hangey have proposed that SAC creates a ring dyeing effect that hinders dye diffusion by increasing the tortuosity of the diffusant [8]. Cook and Hajisharifi [2] proposed the electrical barrier effect created by the reacted SAC toward anionic dyes and colorants. In addition to the electrical barrier, Kamath et al.[9] demonstrated a &dquo;diffusion barrier&dquo; formation on the surface of nylon.We undertook this study to determine the chemical structure of the materials responsible for stain resistance. The particular SAC material we selected for this separation is chemically defined as a sulfonic acid substituted phenol-formaldehyde condensate, produced from reactions with 4,4'-dioxydiphenyl-sulfone, formaldehyde, and 4-hydroxybenzene sulfonic acid or naphthalene sulfonic acid or sodium sulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfite in molecular ratios of 1:0.7-1.1 or 0.7-0.2 [5]. It is available commercially from Mobay Chemical Co. under the trade name of Mesitol NBS. DiscussionPhenolic resin technology is highly complex, dependant on reactant concentration, temperature, and pH. This is illustrated by the work of Sebenik and Lepanje [ 11 ].High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been used to separate and identify phenolic resins. Isocratic elution with different ratios ofdichloromethanedioxane-methanol as the mobile phase has successfully separated sixteen different components from laboratory-prepared phenolformaldehyde resins. Compounds such as pheno...

show abstract

“…At the higher temperature, the formation of monoesters, and later, their reaction to polyesters, were more intensive. In the GPC measurements with THF, the solvation effect of the hydroxyl groups was taken into account (6,7).…”

Section: Determination Of Molecular Weightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Step‐growth polymerization of maleic anhydride and 1,2‐propylene glycol

Jedlovčnik

Šebenik

Golob

et al. 1995

Polymer Engineering & Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and GPC (gel permeation chromatography) studies of the polymerization of maleic anhydride and 1,2-propylene glycol are reported. Assignment of individual groups was made and their concentration dependence on reaction time was established. The first step of the reaction is the formation of monoesters, which, immediately after the temperature increased, reacted to diesters. The reactivity ratio between the primary and the secondary hydroxyl group of 1,2-propylene glycol was 2.6: 1. The concentration of water formed was followed as a function of reaction time by the Karl-Fischer method. AND SCIENCE, MID-SEPTEMBER 7995, Yo/. 35, NO. 17 POLYMER ENGINEERING

show abstract

Analysis of phenol-formaldehyde resols by gel permeation chromatography

Cited by 72 publications

References 1 publication

Effects of Phenol-Formaldehyde Copolymer on Gluebond Performance of Lignin-Phenolic Resin Systems

Effects of Phenol-Formaldehyde Copolymer on Gluebond Performance of Lignin-Phenolic Resin Systems

Separating and Identifying the Active Ingredient of a Stain Resist Compound

Step‐growth polymerization of maleic anhydride and 1,2‐propylene glycol

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About