Analysis of pesticide residues in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and in corbicular pollen. Exposure in citrus orchard with an integrated pest management system

Abstract

In the last years, the honeybee population is facing growing threats such as expansion 4 of pathogens, the incorrect use of phytosanitary products and environmental 5 contaminants, loss or fragmentation of habitat, invasive species and climate change. In 6 Spain, the citrus cultivation in integrated pest management (IPM) attempts the most 7 available use of strategies for the control of pests populations by means of taking 8 actions that prevent problems, remove levels of damage and use of chemical control 9 only when and where is necessary. The purpose of this work is to develop a simple 10 analytical method that permits to evaluate the pesticide residue levels in honeybees 11 and corbicular pollen when honeybees are exposed to plant protection products (PPPs) 12 used in integrated management fields of citrus orchards. The proposed method is 13 based in an ultrasound assisted extraction procedure followed by a dispersive solid 14 phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up with alumina and LC-MS/MS determination. The 15 method was validated in samples of honeybee and corbicular pollen for the 10 16 pesticides mostly used in citrus orchards with IPM. This procedure was compared with 17 QuEChERS methodologies for these matrices. The developed method was applied to 18 the determination of these pesticides in both matrices in a two -year study in citrus 19 orchards. 20

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Pyriproxyfen on Apis and Non-Apis Bees

“…Dietary exposure via the consumption of pollen and nectar is undoubtedly an important route of exposure for the bee larvae. Pyriproxyfen has been found in various pollen samples up to about 40 µg/kg [130][131][132][133]135,136]. The number of studies on pesticide residues in nectar samples is rather limited and to the best of our knowledge, pyriproxyfen was never analyzed.…”

“…Vidau [132] detected pyriproxyfen in 11.1% of the pollen samples analyzed (LOQ = 10 µg/kg) while Calatayud-Vernich et al [133] found pyriproxyfen in one of the 45 pollen samples analyzed at a concentration of 6 µg/kg and in 12% of the beebread samples analyzed (n = 33) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 µg/kg [134]. During a two-year study performed in IPM (integrated pest management) citrus orchards, Garcia-Valcárcel et al [135] found pyriproxyfen at concentrations up to 43.2 µg/kg in fresh pollen samples and up to 3.4 µg/kg in honey bees. Lastly, among 155 fresh pollen samples collected from September 2012 to August 2013 in 14 monitoring apiaries in Taiwan, Nai et al [136] found pyriproxyfen only once at a concentration of 40 µg/kg (LOD = 10 µg/kg).…”

Human-robot skills transfer interface for UAV-based precision pesticide in dynamic environments

“…However, the spread of pests leads to severe losses of crops, which probably results in a severe decline in the overall economy. Integrated pest management has significant socioeconomic importance in the agricultural production sector, relying on comprehensive strategies to protect production from pest disasters (García-Valc arcel et al, 2019). However, there are many pieces of evidence to connect spraying pesticides with health issues.…”

Pesticide residues in bee pollen - validation of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry multiresidual method and a survey of bee pollens from Slovenia

“…Numerous authors have analysed pesticide residues in pollen. García-Valcárcel et al (2019) analysed 10 active substances in pollen samples in Spain. Vázquez et al (2015) analysed 253 active substances in pollen samples in Spain.…”