Analysis Of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Source Material For Breeding Of Cultivars With High Symbiotic Potential And Choice Of Criteria For Its Evaluation

Abstract

ВВЕДЕНИЕÇíà÷èòåëüíîå óâåëè÷åíèå èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ àãðîõèìèêàòîâ â ïåðèîä ñ 1960 ãîäà ïî 2000 ãîä â ðåçóëüòàòå èíòåíñèôèêàöèè ñåëüñêîõîçÿé-ñòâåííîãî ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðèâåëî ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó èñòîùåíèþ åñòå-ñòâåííîãî ïîòåíöèàëà ïëîäîðîäèÿ ïî÷â, óõóäøåíèþ êà÷åñòâà âîäû è âîçäóõà, ñíèaeåíèþ êà÷åñòâà îïðåäåëåííûõ âèäîâ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåí-íîé ïðîäóêöèè [23].  ñâÿçè ñ ýòèì â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íàáëþäàåòñÿ èçìåíåíèå îñíîâíîé êîíöåïöèè ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà îò èíòåíñèâíîãî ê óñòîé÷èâîìó, ýêîëîãè÷åñêè-îðèåíòèðîâàííîìó. Îäíèì èç ïåðñïåê-òèâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé ñîâðåìåííîãî çåìëåäåëèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñïîëüçîâà-íèå ïîòåíöèàëà ïîëåçíîé ïî÷âåííîé ìèêðîôëîðû. Ñèìáèîòè÷åñêèå ìèêðîîðãàíèçìû èãðàþò âàaeíóþ ðîëü â ðàçâèòèè ðàñòåíèé, îáåñïå-÷èâàÿ èõ ìèíåðàëüíîå ïèòàíèå, çàùèòó îò ïàòîãåíîâ è âðåäèòåëåé, àäàïòàöèþ ê ðàçëè÷íûì ñòðåññàì [8,9].Íàèáîëåå âàaeíîå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå è ïðàêòè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå èìåþò ýíäîñèìáèîòè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû: áîáîâî-ðèçîáèàëüíûé ñèìáèîç è àð-áóñêóëÿðíàÿ ìèêîðèçà (ÀÌ). Ñèìáèîç ñ êëóáåíüêîâûìè áàêòåðèÿìè (ÊÁ) ðîäîâ Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium è äð. ïîçâîëÿåò áîáîâûì ðàñòåíèÿì ðàçâèâàòüñÿ â óñëîâèÿõ äåôèöèòà ñâÿçàííîãî àçîòà, òîãäà êàê âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñ ÀÌ ãðèáàìè, ôèëà Glomeromycota [21], îáåñïå÷èâàåò àññèìèëÿöèþ òðóäíîðàñòâîðèìûõ ôîñôàòîâ è äðóãèõ ïèòàòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïî÷âû. Èíîêóëÿöèÿ áîáîâûõ êóëüòóð ÊÁ ïðèâîäèò ê ñóùåñòâåííîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ óðîaeàÿ (îò 15 % äî 60 %), à òàêaeå ê ôèêñàöèè 40-450 êã àçîòà íà ãåêòàð çà ñåçîí [11]. Ðåçóëü-òàòîì øèðîêîãî ïðèìåíåíèÿ áèîïðåïàðàòîâ íà îñíîâå ÊÁ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñíèaeåíèå ïðèìåíåíèÿ àçîòíûõ óäîáðåíèé è àêêóìóëÿöèè íèòðàòîâ ðàñòåíèÿìè, ïî÷âîé è âîäîé. Ìèêîðèçàöèÿ âåäåò ê óëó÷øåíèþ ðîñòà ðàñòåíèé, îäíàêî øèðîêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýòîãî ñèìáèîçà îãðàíè÷åíî ñëîaeíîñòüþ ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ ïðåïàðàòîâ ìèêîðèçíûõ ãðèáîâ. Áîáî-âî-ðèçîáèàëüíûé è ÀÌ ñèìáèîçû òàêaeå ïðåäîõðàíÿþò ïî÷âû îò èñòîùåíèÿ è ïîääåðaeèâàþò áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ðàñòèòåëü-íûõ ñîîáùåñòâ [12,16]. Ýòè äâà ñèìáèîçà ñèëüíî ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ïî ôèçèîëîãèè, ìîðôîëîãèè è ñïåöèôè÷íîñòè âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ. Òåì íå ìåíåå ó áîáîâûõ ðàñòåíèé âûÿâëåíà åäèíàÿ ñèñòåìà ðàçâèòèÿ ýòèõ ñèìáèîçîâ, êîòîðàÿ èìååò ìíîãî îáùèõ ýëåìåíòîâ ñ ñèñòåìàìè çàùè-òû ðàñòåíèé îò ïàòîãåíîâ è ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíî-ìèêðîáíî-ãî ýâîëþöèîííîãî êîíòèíóóìà [8,9]. Îäíàêî â ëèòåðàòóðå îïèñàíî

Multicomponent symbiosis of legumes with beneficial soil microorganisms: Genetic and evolutionary bases of application in sustainable crop production

“…The tech nology of its production was developed by the group of co authors of this paper (Chebotar' et al, 2008); b) the creation of a breeding nursery with soil that was enriched in BSM in order to select plants with high symbiotic effectiveness; c) the development of breeding protocol for legumes which is aimed at increase of the effectiveness of interactions with BSM; d) the on purpose creation of history's first "Tri umph" pea variety, which is characterized by an RUSSIAN increased potential of interaction with BSM as com pared to other cultivars (as a result of competitive vari ety tests, Orel, 2004Orel, -2006. This variety increases productivity by 10-15% upon inoculation with a com plex microbial fertilizer without any dependence on changing climatic conditions (Shtark et al, 2006;Borisov et al, 2008). The "Triumph" variety, which is characterized by high productivity also under condi tions of traditional tillage technology, is recom mended, according to the results of the state variety test (2007)(2008), for tillage in the Central Region of the Russian Federation.…”

“…The results of pot and field experiments with the use of pea (P. sativum) (Jacobi et al, 2000;Borisov et al, 2002Borisov et al, , 2004Shtark et al, 2006) and soybean (G. max) (Labutova et al, 2004;Labutova and Levina, 2008) and complex inoculation of BSM have demon strated the possibility of using MCS' potential in agri cultural production in order to decrease doses of min eral fertilizers and chemical plant protection agents.…”

“…Later, among present day pea cultivars, which were created without any consideration of their potential of interaction with BSM, a few genotypes were found that possessed a high symbiotic effictiveness together with necessary plant architecture that can be included directly in breeding programs (Borisov et al, 2004;Shtark et al, 2006). It was shown that, in the case of using pea genotypes with high symbiotic effectiveness, effect of inoculation with a complex of BSM is compa rable to that of a full dose of mineral fertilizers (Borisov et al, 2004;Shtark et al, 2006).…”

“…It was shown that, in the case of using pea genotypes with high symbiotic effectiveness, effect of inoculation with a complex of BSM is compa rable to that of a full dose of mineral fertilizers (Borisov et al, 2004;Shtark et al, 2006). As a criterion of effictiveness of plant interactions with BSM, one must use the index of their increase in biomass pro duction and seed productivity in answer to inoculation with the BSM complex, but not the parameters of the development of the symbiotic system (Borisov et al, 2004;Shtark et al, 2006). Thus, it was proved that there is a possibility and necessity of legume breeding to improve their symbiotic potential.…”

New arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associations from soils of Crimean Steppe

“…Im pact o f new associations' inoculum on Sorgum sudanense (Piper) Stapf (variety Fyoleta, SB NUL& ES o f Ukraine "Crimean Agrotechnological University", Simferopol) mycorrhizae development was perform ed in a pot experim ent on sand with artificial light and regulate watering [4,10]. R hizophagus irregularis BEG144 (ARRIA M RAAS, St. Pe tersburg) was used as the reference isolate o f A M fungi -biopreparation's agent [21]. 21 new A M fungi associations were collected for investigation.…”