Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in virgin suspension PVC resin

Wagenaar, H; Langeland, Kaare; Hardman, Ron C.; Sergeant, Y; Brenner, K.S.; Sandra, Patrick; Rappe, Christoffer; Fernandes, Alwyn; Tiernan, T. O.

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00362-7

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Tiernan et al (1995) found only octa-chlorinated dibenzop-dioxin (OCDD) in virgin resins, in concentrations comparable with blank analyses. Wagenaar et al (1998) stated that the dioxins load of virgin PVC is basically exempt of dioxins, a conclusion conform to expectations. Since PVC is produced by polymerisation of distillation-purified VCM, dispersed in water, so that there is no route to convert VCM into dioxins' molecules.…”

Section: Virgin Pvc -Pvc Productionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Dioxins and polyvinylchloride in combustion and fires

et al. 2015

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This review on polyvinylchloride (PVC) and dioxins collects, collates, and compares data from selected sources on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), or in brief dioxins, in combustion and fires. In professional spheres, the incineration of PVC as part of municipal solid waste is seldom seen as a problem, since deep flue gas cleaning is required anyhow. Conversely, with its high content of chlorine, PVC is frequently branded as a major chlorine donor and spitefully leads to substantial formation of dioxins during poorly controlled or uncontrolled combustion and open fires. Numerous still ill-documented and diverse factors of influence may affect the formation of dioxins during combustion: on the one hand PVC-compounds represent an array of materials with widely different formulations; on the other hand these may all be exposed to fires of different nature and consequences. Hence, attention should be paid to PVC with respect to the ignition and development of fires, as well as attenuating the emission of objectionable compounds, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins. This review summarises available dioxin emissions data, gathers experimental and simulation studies of fires and combustion tests involving PVC, and identifies and analyses the effects of several local factors of influence, affecting the formation of dioxins during PVC combustion.

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Section: Virgin Pvc -Pvc Productionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Dioxins and polyvinylchloride in combustion and fires

et al. 2015

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“…Octa-and heptachlorodibenzofurans were also dominant in the emissions of a Russian VCM plant (3), and they were detected in spent oxychlorination catalyst (13). PCDD/F levels (measured in TEQ) in ethylene dichloride (EDC), VCM, and PVC have mainly been below detection levels (3,14,15).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Levels, Distribution, and Risks of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Vicinity of a Vinyl Chloride Monomer Production Plant

Isosaari

Kohonen

Kiviranta

et al. 2000

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed from environmental and human samples to assess contaminant distribution and risks associated with vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production. Extremely high concentration of PCDD/Fs, 26 µg/g dry weight, was detected in the waste sludge. As a result of improper wastewater treatment practices in the 1970s, PCDD/Fs (11.4 kg, 32.0 g of I-TEQ) leached into the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. Despite high concentrations near the plant, the polluted area was restricted (about 26 km 2 ), and VCM production could not be a significant contributor to the PCDD/F load of the sea. Frequent consumption of local fish was considered to be the most probable source of human exposure. However, serum samples taken from local residents and former workers did not indicate exposure to elevated levels of total PCDD/Fs. Octachlorinated furan was the main congener (73% of PCDD/F sum) in the waste sludge, and it also dominated in marine sediments. Contaminated sediments also had a characteristic PCB composition, containing exceptionally high proportions of IUPAC 206 and 209 congeners.

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“…Most recent studies demonstrated the presence of significant quantities of dioxins and dioxin precursors in municipal waste around 50 ng I-TEQ/kg (8,(25)(26)(27)(28) and other typical components in waste, such as textiles, wood, food, plastic, etc. (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). Bearing in mind the dioxin content in waste streams, the plant could hypothetically become a sink for PCDDs/PCDFs instead of a source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxin Abatement Strategies and Mass Balance at a Municipal Waste Management Plant

Abad

Adrados

Caixach

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Since the thermal management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is considered to be one of the major sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), the purpose of this study was to show the results of a dioxin abatement program performed in the municipal waste incineration (MWI) plant of Tarragona (NE Spain). Previously, stack gas emission levels of PCDDs/PCDFs around 3.26 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 were determined when the gas-cleaning system consisted only of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Decreased levels, below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/ Nm3, were observed when a new air pollution control system was installed. This new system was improved by the injection of activated carbon, which helped to lower the levels of PCDDs/PCDFs to around 0.01 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. Considering the absence of a particular impact on herbages, soils, and ambient air around the plant, as reported in previous works, and the hypothesis that a modern installation could become a sink for dioxins instead of a source, a dioxin mass balance was evaluated. The study compared in a large-scale MWI plant the levels of PCDDs/PCDFs of all input and output contributors (MSW, ambient air, stack gas emission, fly ash, and slag) forming part of the inventory collected in various monitoring campaigns. The findings revealed a remarkable homogeneity in output values (between 1.19 and 2.62 ng I-TEQ/yr) in contrast to the large variability observed in input values. In the first sampling campaign, the dioxin content in MSW was around 64.15 ng I-TEQ/kg, and a negative balance of 7.68 g I-TEQ/yr was calculated. However, in the latest campaign, levels were about 2.36 ng I-TEQ/kg MSW, resulting in a positive balance of 2.28 g I-TEQ/yr.

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Analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in virgin suspension PVC resin

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Dioxins and polyvinylchloride in combustion and fires

Dioxins and polyvinylchloride in combustion and fires

Assessment of Levels, Distribution, and Risks of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Vicinity of a Vinyl Chloride Monomer Production Plant

Dioxin Abatement Strategies and Mass Balance at a Municipal Waste Management Plant

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