Analysis of passive charge balancing for safe current-mode neural stimulation

Rueda, Gómez; Ballini, Marco; Hellepute, Nick Van; Mitra, Srinjoy

doi:10.1109/iscas.2017.8050621

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…The detective control loop works based on (i) sampling the electrode voltage (V E ) during the inter-pulse resting interval, (ii) evaluating the level of accumulated charge, and (iii) triggering a responsive action if the charge imbalance is deemed unsafe. A safe/unsafe condition is typically defined based on an application-dependent maximum DC current error (I DC ) (e.g., 100nA) [27], [36], [37] and it is translated into a voltage level by…”

Section: A Detective and Preventive Loops Operation Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

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A 24-Channel Neurostimulator IC With Channel-Specific Energy-Efficient Hybrid Preventive-Detective Dynamic-Precision Charge Balancing

2021

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This paper presents the design, development, and experimental characterization of a 24channel programmable charge-balanced current-mode neurostimulator IC. Each channel is equipped with a quad-threshold voltage-based charge imbalance detection and a dedicated hybrid preventive-detective charge balancing circuit. The interplay of the preventive and detective control loops utilized for charge balancing has resulted in minimizing the power and timing overhead of the proposed strategy for maintaining a charge-neutral electrode-tissue interface, while avoiding the risk of unintended stimulation. The design offers dynamic programmability for the safe and unsafe charge imbalance thresholds, as well as for the balancing speed and precision. The IC is fabricated in a standard 0.18µm CMOS technology with an overall active area of 2.27mm 2 . Experimental characterization results of different circuit blocks are presented and discussed. Additionally, the IC's efficacy in conducting charge-balanced stimulation is experimentally validated under various scenarios and for the full range of stimulation current magnitude, showing the balancing accuracy, latency, and active time. Experiments are conducted both with a simplified electrical model of the interface impedance as well as in vitro. Compared to the state-of-the-art stimulators with a closed-loop charge balancer, the presented work offers the most energy-efficient charge balancing technique, the shortest required inter-pulse interval (i.e., neutralization time), and the highest balancing precision.INDEX TERMS Charge balancing, neurostimulator, implantable IC, neural interface, energy-efficient design, closed-loop control, VNS, electrical current-mode stimulation.

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Section: A Detective and Preventive Loops Operation Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To set the threshold, first, the desired maximum DC current error (e.g. the widely-accepted 100nA European standard [18], [27], [28]) should be converted to a voltage error. As will be discussed in Section II.A., this conversion depends on the stimulation frequency and the double-layer capacitance (C DL ) value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 24-Channel Neurostimulator IC With Channel-Specific Energy-Efficient Hybrid Preventive-Detective Dynamic-Precision Charge Balancing

2021

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“…A third technique is passive discharging during the interpulse delay in every stimulation cycle [16]. For this, the electrodes are grounded after each bi-phasic (cathodic and anodic) pulse.…”

Section: A Charge Balancing Techniques For Low Frequency Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuit Design Considerations for Power-Efficient and Safe Implantable Electrical Neurostimulators

Guan

Zufiria

Giagka

et al. 2020

2020 IEEE 11th Latin American Symposium on Circuits &Amp; Systems (LASCAS)

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This paper presents the main circuit design considerations for power-efficient and safe implantable electrical neurostimulators. Related to medical applications, low-frequency (LF) stimulation for generating new action potentials and kilohertz-frequency alternating current (KHFAC) for blocking unwanted neural activity are introduced, respectively. For implantable medical devices, the choice of energy source type is important as it has an influence on the total size of the device and device comfort, thereby affecting the quality of life of the patients. In order to lengthen the lifetime of the stimulator, power-efficient designs using the ultra-high frequency (UHF) pulsed technique are proposed. To avoid tissue damage and electrode degradation caused by residual charge on the electrode-tissue interface (ETI), charge balancing (CB) techniques are adopted. Active CB control is shown to be a promising method both for LF and KHFAC stimulation.

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A Definition of Neuromodulation and Classification of Implantable Electrical Modulation for Chronic Pain

Sivanesan,

North,

Russo

et al. 2024

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface

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Analysis of passive charge balancing for safe current-mode neural stimulation

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

A 24-Channel Neurostimulator IC With Channel-Specific Energy-Efficient Hybrid Preventive-Detective Dynamic-Precision Charge Balancing

A 24-Channel Neurostimulator IC With Channel-Specific Energy-Efficient Hybrid Preventive-Detective Dynamic-Precision Charge Balancing

Circuit Design Considerations for Power-Efficient and Safe Implantable Electrical Neurostimulators

A Definition of Neuromodulation and Classification of Implantable Electrical Modulation for Chronic Pain

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