“…They are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering, such as the rock-soil mixtures in natural slopes (Wang et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2020), gravel-sand mixtures in dam filling (Nie et al, 2022), waste rocks and tailings from mining (Jehring and Bareither, 2016;Wickland et al, 2006). Fine-grain content is a key factor affecting the behavior of binary mixtures (Thevanayagam and Mohan, 2000;Vallejo, 2001;Yang and Liu, 2016;Gong et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019;Ahmadi et al, 2020;Lubbe et al, 2020;Shi et al, 2020;Yilmaz et al, 2021, Sufian et al 2021Reddy et al, 2022).…”