Analysis of Papaya Cell Wall-Related Genes during Fruit Ripening Indicates a Central Role of Polygalacturonases during Pulp Softening

Fabi, João Paulo; Broetto, Sabrina Garcia; Silva, Sarah Lígia Garcia Leme da; Zhong, Silin; Lajolo, Franco Maria; Nascimento, João Roberto Oliveira do

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105685

Cited by 66 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Transcriptome profiling of papaya has only been reported in the root (Porter et al 2008), flower (Urasaki et al 2012) and fruit (Fabi et al 2010(Fabi et al , 2014. Recently, a proteomic study in papaya callus showed that enolase, esterase and ADH to be potential biomarkers for somatic embryo in papaya (de Moura et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Carica papaya L. embryogenic callus

Jamaluddin

Noor

Goh

2017

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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Genome-wide transcriptome profiling is a powerful tool to study global gene expression patterns in plant development. We report the first transcriptome profile analysis of papaya embryogenic callus to improve our understanding on genes associated with somatic embryogenesis. By using 3 0 mRNA-sequencing, we generated 6,190,687 processed reads and 47.0% were aligned to papaya genome reference, in which 21,170 (75.4%) of 27,082 annotated genes were found to be expressed but only 41% was expressed at functionally high levels. The top 10% of genes with high transcript abundance were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell proliferation, stress response, and metabolism. Genes functioning in somatic embryogenesis such as SERK and LEA, hormone-related genes, stress-related genes, and genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways were highly expressed. Transcription factors such as NAC, WRKY, MYB, WUSCHEL, Agamous-like MADS-box protein and bHLH important in somatic embryos of other plants species were found to be expressed in papaya embryogenic callus. Abundant expression of enolase and ADH is consistent with proteome study of papaya somatic embryo. Our study highlights that some genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, especially phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were highly expressed in papaya embryogenic callus, which might have implication for cell factory applications. The discovery of all genes expressed in papaya embryogenic callus provides an important information into early biological processes during the induction of embryogenesis and useful for future research in other plant species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Carica papaya L. embryogenic callus

Jamaluddin

Noor

Goh

2017

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

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“…However, the minor effect of PG silencing on tomato softening led to the view that PG-mediated pectin disassembly during ripening makes only a small contribution to fruit softening (Brummell & Harpster, 2001;Hadfield & Bennett, 1998). More recent studies on strawberry, apple and papaya have challenged this hypothesis, suggesting a key role for pectin modifications in fruit softening (Atkinson et al, 2012;Fabi et al, 2014;Jiménez-Bermúdez et al, 2002;Quesada et al, 2009;Youssef et al, 2009Youssef et al, , 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nanostructural characterization of strawberry pectins in pectate lyase or polygalacturonase silenced fruits elucidates their role in softening

Posé

Kirby

Paniagua

et al. 2015

Carbohydrate Polymers

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“…The R-1 and R-2 fruits had the lowest pulp firmness. The three PG genes evaluated were described in our previous studies 17,19 . The PG genes had their expression increased during fruit ripening, and PG1 was expressed in R-2 fruits almost 3,000 times more than in Un-1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, papaya endogenous ethylene production is essential to induce www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ the increase of PG activity and to solubilize cell wall polysaccharides 16,24 . PG is the main enzyme over-expressed in papaya ripening and is responsible for pulp softening 17,19 . The PG action modifies the pectin structures and releases them into the WSF of the fruit pulp resulting in a shift from long galacturonan chains to medium chains 17,18 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pectin Interaction with Immune Receptors is Modulated by Ripening Process in Papayas

Prado

Beukema

Jermendi

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Dietary fibers have been shown to exert immune effects via interaction with pattern recognition receptors (pRR) such as toll-like receptors (tLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (noD)like receptors. Pectin is a dietary fiber that interacts with PRR depending on its chemical structure. Papaya pectin retains different chemical structures at different ripening stages. How this influence PRR signaling is unknown. The aim of this work was to determine how ripening influences pectin structures and their ability to interact with TLR2, 3, 4, 5 and 9, and NOD1 and 2. It was evaluated the interaction of the water-soluble fractions rich in pectin extracted from unripe to ripe papayas. The pectin extracted from ripe papayas activated all the TLR and, to a lesser extent, the NOD receptors. The pectin extracted from unripe papayas also activated TLR2, 4 and 5 but inhibited the activation of TLR3 and 9. The differences in pectin structures are the higher methyl esterification and smaller galacturonan chains of pectin from ripe papayas. Our finding might lead to selection of ripening stages for tailored modulation of pRR to support or attenuate immunity. Dietary fibers (DF) commonly represent a wide variety of polysaccharides originating from fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes with several health benefits. Such benefits include slow gastric empty 1 and improve physical bowel function 2. Besides the physical benefits, DF can also interact directly with intestinal cells and/or the immune cells from the mucosa 3-5. It is not just the direct effects of DF on cells may trigger immune modulations 6 but also the DF fermentation in the gut 7,8. The direct interaction of DF with the intestinal cells may occur through pattern recognition receptors (PRR) 9. The PRR are germline-encoded sensors expressed in intestinal epithelial cells and gut immune cells. PRR are the key receptors responsible for the recognition of exogenous molecules by the host 5,9. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of PRR that play a central role in the activation of innate immunity 10 and have been shown to be involved in DF-induced immune signaling as described below. The immune response mediated by TLR activation requires the recruitment of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) adaptor and the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus 10. Only TLR3 NF-κB activation is not dependent on MyD88 protein which is mediated by TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β (TRIF), though 11. The interactions between wide variety of DF and TLR have been extensively studied. DF have a complex and heterogeneous structure and some DF activate TLR to different extents 12 while other DF (such as pectin) seem to block TLR signaling and attenuate intestinal inflammation 6. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NOD) have also been shown to be influenced by DF, such as β2 → 1-fructans. NOD are proteins responsible for the recognition of intracellular bacteria 10. Through this signaling via PRR, DF have been shown to mediate several ho...

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Analysis of Papaya Cell Wall-Related Genes during Fruit Ripening Indicates a Central Role of Polygalacturonases during Pulp Softening

Cited by 66 publications

References 45 publications

Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Carica papaya L. embryogenic callus

Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Carica papaya L. embryogenic callus

The nanostructural characterization of strawberry pectins in pectate lyase or polygalacturonase silenced fruits elucidates their role in softening

Pectin Interaction with Immune Receptors is Modulated by Ripening Process in Papayas

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