Analysis of organic acids

Chahardoli, Azam; Jalilian, Fereshteh; Memariani, Zahra; Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein; Shokoohinia, Yalda

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816455-6.00026-3

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 279 publications

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“…It is a weak organic acid with a chemical formula C 6 H 8 O 7 and IUPAC name 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, also known as β-hydroxy-tricarballylic acid [47]. It has a boiling point of 175 • C, melting point of 153 • C and density of 1.67 g/cm 3 [48] and molar mass of 192.12 g/mol [49]. In addition, CA has a molecular weight of 210.14 g/mol, gross energy 10.3 KJ/g [50] and three pKa values (pKa1 = 3.1, pKa2 = 4.7 and pKa3 = 6.4) [51].…”

Section: Discovery Molecular Structure and Properties Of Ba And Camentioning

confidence: 99%

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Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

Melaku

Zhong

Han

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.

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Section: Discovery Molecular Structure and Properties Of Ba And Camentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Organic acids are weak acids having a carboxylic acid group (R-COOH), intermediates in the degradation pathways of carbohydrates, amino acids and fats, and are used as nutritional value and antimicrobial effects in animal feeds [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

Melaku

Zhong

Han

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…All four identified organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric, and succinic acids) are part of the Krebs cycle, and all of them present important health-related effects, and are primarily used as food antioxidants. Besides having antioxidant properties, they also act as flavoring, acidulant, buffering, and chelating agents [ 67 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Pectin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Active Packaging Enriched with Itaconic Acid and Apple Pomace-Derived Antioxidants

et al. 2022

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The production of active and biodegradable packaging materials is an emerging and efficient alternative to plastic packaging materials. By combining poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), pectin, and itaconic acid (IA), biodegradable and water-soluble packaging materials can be obtained that can also increase the shelf-life and quality of foodstuff. In the present study, the generated film-forming solutions were enriched with organic or phenolic extracts from apple by-products (apple pomace). These extracts possess an efficient antioxidant activity of 9.70 ± 0.08, and 78.61 ± 0.24 μM Trolox/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Furthermore, the lyophilization of these by-products increased the extract’s organic and phenolic content and the antioxidant activity to 67.45 ± 0.28 and 166.69 ± 0.47 μM Trolox/100 g fresh weight, respectively. These extracts influence the physical-chemical properties of the biofilm solutions by facilitating the polymerization process and thus positively influencing their viscosity. The resulting biofilms presented low water vapor permeability and reduced solubility in water. Adding IA and organic/phenolic compounds facilitates the resistance against intrinsic and extrinsic factors; therefore, they might be applicable in the food industry.

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“…UAE can be applied on both the microscale and macroscale to extract compounds derived from various forms of life [ 146 ], where the application of UAE is energy/solvent/time efficient, potentially offering high yields of delicate compounds [ 66 , 145 , 147 ]. The mechanical effects of ultrasound have wider implications than extraction alone, and by varying the power and frequencies, it can find applications both upstream and downstream, with a simple and inexpensive commercial integration [ 148 ] and optimisation [ 149 ]. A significant benefit of UAE is the simple equipment involved, as sonicating water-baths are widely available (as depicted in Figure 8 ).…”

Section: Extraction Methods For High-value Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of High-Value Chemicals from Plants for Technical and Medical Applications

Kapadia

Newell

Cunningham³

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Plants produce a variety of high-value chemicals (e.g., secondary metabolites) which have a plethora of biological activities, which may be utilised in many facets of industry (e.g., agrisciences, cosmetics, drugs, neutraceuticals, household products, etc.). Exposure to various different environments, as well as their treatment (e.g., exposure to chemicals), can influence the chemical makeup of these plants and, in turn, which chemicals will be prevalent within them. Essential oils (EOs) usually have complex compositions (>300 organic compounds, e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins and terpenes) and are obtained from botanically defined plant raw materials by dry/steam distillation or a suitable mechanical process (without heating). In certain cases, an antioxidant may be added to the EO (EOs are produced by more than 17,500 species of plants, but only ca. 250 EOs are commercially available). The interesting bioactivity of the chemicals produced by plants renders them high in value, motivating investment in their production, extraction and analysis. Traditional methods for effectively extracting plant-derived biomolecules include cold pressing and hydro/steam distillation; newer methods include solvent/Soxhlet extractions and sustainable processes that reduce waste, decrease processing times and deliver competitive yields, examples of which include microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and supercritical CO2 extraction (scCO2). Once extracted, analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry may be used to analyse the contents of the high-value extracts within a given feedstock. The bioactive components, which can be used in a variety of formulations and products (e.g., displaying anti-aging, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-depressive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral and anti-stress properties), are biorenewable high-value chemicals.

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Analysis of organic acids

Cited by 30 publications

References 279 publications

Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

Development of Pectin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Active Packaging Enriched with Itaconic Acid and Apple Pomace-Derived Antioxidants

Extraction of High-Value Chemicals from Plants for Technical and Medical Applications

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