Analysis of Optimum Temperature and Calcination Time in the Production of CaO Using Seashells Waste as CaCO₃ Source

Abstract

Seashells waste is abundant in coastal area, especially in the locations where fisheries are a major occupation. This abundant resource of seashells opens a new opportunity further utilization. Seashells waste is a source of CaCO 3 , which may be converted into CaO via the calcination process. This study analyzed the characteristics of the CaO produced via calcination process at different temperature and calcination time. The calcination process was carried out at a temperature of 800°C, 900°C, and 1000°C with variation of 2, 3, and 4 hours in time. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) result showed that the spectrum of 2513 cm -1 as an indication of the C-H group containing CaO appearing after calcination. The FTIR results suggest that the calcination time did not gave major alteration to the functional groups. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that CaO laid at the angle of 58.1 o and 64.6 o . Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) results showed that the most significant compositional outcome after the calcination process was Ca and O at all temperatures and calcination times. All calcined seashells showed rough surface and irregular shape particles. The result of a Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested that the highest mass alteration occurred at a temperature of 800°C with 78 mins of calcination time.

Micro/Nano Structural Investigation and Characterization of Mussel Shell Waste in Thailand as a Feasible Bioresource of CaO

“…The other sharp major peaks appeared at 1463 cm −1 and 1453 cm −1 of non-calcined green mussel shells and mixed shell powder, respectively, demonstrating the presence of CaCO 3 [ 23 ]. The broadening of spectrum peaks was observed on calcined green mussel shells and mixed shell powder at different temperatures ( Figure 5 a,b), indicating the conversion of CaCO 3 into CaO [ 24 ]. All the samples calcined at 800–1000 °C show a sharp band at 3639 cm −1 .…”

Towards sustainable rubber compounds: The use of waste raw materials

“…The pattern shows the characteristic peaks of the trigonal crystal structure of CaCO 3 (calcite, JCPDS 85‐1108). Calcite is a polymorph of CaCO 3 , which can also exist in an orthorhombic crystal system (Aragonite) and a hexagonal crystal system (Vaterite), and is the most abundant and most stable form of CaCO 3 on Earth 11 …”

“…Calcite is a polymorph of CaCO 3 , which can also exist in an orthorhombic crystal system (Aragonite) and a hexagonal crystal system (Vaterite), and is the most abundant and most stable form of CaCO 3 on Earth. 11…”

“…Among extenders, calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) is one of the most used fillers for rubber compounds due to its low cost and availability. [8][9][10] What makes CaCO 3 a very interesting filler, in view of an eco-friendly rubber compound, is that there are several natural CaCO 3 waste sources, such as mussel shells, 11 cuttlebone, 12 and eggshells. 13 In 2020 the annual eggs production in the European Union has been of 7 million tons; eggshells are therefore available in massive amounts as waste in the production of many food products (cakes, cookies, pasta, processed meat, and so forth) making eggshells an exceptional eco-friendly source candidate of CaCO 3 .…”

Conversion of Bivalve Shells to Monocalcium and Tricalcium Phosphates: An Approach to Recycle Seafood Wastes

“…Various worldwide research shows immense potential for applications of seashells. Recently, they have been used to produce hydroxyapatite [7], nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) [8], apatite nanoparticles [9], calcite lime [10], CaO [11,12], bio-filler in polypropylene [13], matte glaze [14], cement clinker [15], cementitious construction materials [16], expansive additive in cement mortar [17], adsorbent for Pb(II) adsorption [18], adsorbent for sulfate and metals removal [19], covalently functionalized biogenic CaCO 3 [20], calcined mussel shell powder (CMSP) for antistatic oil-removal [21]. However, in Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, a country with the highest bivalve (cockles, mussels, and oysters) production, the waste shell recycling means is not created appropriately, and these wastes are mainly dumped in the near areas affecting an environmental issue [22,23].…”