Analysis of Operational Changes of Tarbela Reservoir to Improve the Water Supply, Hydropower Generation, and Flood Control Objectives

Ahmed, Rafique; Burian, Steven J.; Hassan, Daniyal; Bano, Rakhshinda

doi:10.3390/su12187822

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Whereas the highly weathered, WG-III showed lower UCS and UTS values (20 MPa and 2.5 MPa, respectively, for CGA). Previous research from Pakistan and other regions of the globe produced similar findings [2,5,8,44,45]. Similarly, fresh WG-I samples had a high R-value (53.78 for UD) while highly-weathered WG-III samples had the lowest (13.67 for CGA).…”

Section: Strength Propertiessupporting

confidence: 74%

Composition, Texture, and Weathering Controls on the Physical and Strength Properties of Selected Intrusive Igneous Rocks from Northern Pakistan

et al. 2022

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This study examines the mineralogy, texture, and weathering grades of intrusive igneous rocks from northern Pakistan, as well as their impacts on physical and strength properties. In comparison to felsic rocks, mafic and intermediate rocks have lower cumulative proportions of quartz, feldspar, and plagioclase, as well as higher specific gravity, strength (i.e., UCS and R-value), and UPV values. Similarly, samples with anhedral grain shapes, irregular boundaries, and fine to medium grain sizes (UD, ANS, and CGN) exhibited greater strength values, with compressive strengths of 121, 118, and 91 MPa and tensile strengths of 11, 9, and 12 MPa, respectively. The physical and strength properties of the investigated samples corresponded well with the weathering grades assigned to them, such as fresh (WG-I), slightly weathered (WG-II), and highly weathered (WG-III). That is, as the grade increased from WG-I to WG-III, the porosity and water absorption increased (0.28% and 0.72%, respectively), whereas the specific gravity, compressive strength, and tensile strength decreased (2.04, 20, and 2.5 MPa, respectively, for CGA). Although the presence of quartz impacts rock strength, no significant association was found between the strength and the maximum and mean grain sizes of other minerals.

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Section: Strength Propertiessupporting

confidence: 74%

Composition, Texture, and Weathering Controls on the Physical and Strength Properties of Selected Intrusive Igneous Rocks from Northern Pakistan

et al. 2022

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“…The UIB receives 200 to 1400 mm of precipitation per year while its temperature ranges from 5 to 20 °C. The LIB is generally characterized by temperatures ranging from 10 to 32 °C and precipitation ranging from 200 to 1200 mm [ 26 , 29 ]. In addition to water bodies and forests, shrublands, grasslands, agricultural and barren areas, built-up areas, as well as snow and glaciers, the IRB recognizes several major categories of land use [ 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An estimated 76,274 mcm of water is received each year by the Tarbela Dam Reservoir [ 30 ]. It is estimated that the dam will remain in service for another 85 years [ 26 ]. The delta could advance towards the power intakes if sediment deposits accumulate in the reservoir, causing interference with outlet openings and other dam functions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their riparian zones are vulnerable to prolonged disturbances because of a long history of human settlement there [ 25 ]. Large river basins can have long periods of water retention, which can lead to the rapid deterioration of riparian ecosystems and biodiversity [ 26 ]. The Indus River, the primary water source for agriculture in Pakistan, is extremely fragile compared to other rivers [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of Stressors on Riparian Health Indicators in the Upper and Lower Indus River Basins in Pakistan

Hira

Arif

Zarif³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Riparian zones along rivers and streams provide ecosystem services that may change over time as disturbances increase and deteriorate these buffer zones globally. The effect of stressors on ecosystem services along the rivers in underdeveloped countries is unclear, which impacts the environment directly in the form of riparian health indicators (RHIs). This study fills this gap and measures the impact of stressors on RHIs (parameters of habitat, plant cover, regeneration, exotics, and erosion) in the Indus River basin (IRB) in Pakistan. Data on 11 stressors and 27 RHIs were collected using a field-based approach in 269 transects in the upper and lower Indus basins (UIB and LIB) in 2020 and analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. The Kruskal–Wallis tests (p < 0.05) indicated that RHIs varied significantly under the influence of stressors in the UIB and LIB. However, their highest mean values were found in the UIB. Principal component analysis revealed the key RHIs and stressors, which explained 62.50% and 77.10% of the variance, respectively. The Pearson correlation showed that stressors had greater impacts on RHIs in LIB (with r ranging from −0.42 to 0.56). Our results also showed that stressors affected RHI indices with r ranging from −0.39 to 0.50 (on habitat), −0.36 to 0.46 (on plant cover), −0.34 to 0.35 (on regeneration), −0.34 to 0.56 (on erosion), and −0.42 to 0.23 (on exotics). Furthermore, it was confirmed by the agglomerative hierarchical cluster that indices and sub-indices of RHIs and stressors differ across the UIB and LIB. These findings may serve as guidance for managers of large rivers and ecosystem service providers to minimize the environmental impact of stressors in terms of RHIs.

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“…According to a literature review, 60 percent of the population in this area derives their income from the forests [47]. A total of 29 mammalian species, 9 species of amphibians, 26 species of reptiles, and 89 species of waterbird including 68 migratory waterbird species have been documented from Tarbela Dam in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan [45,[48][49][50][51][52]. The unique characteristics of this region, such as significant temperature, altitude, geography, soil type, and moisture variation, make it extremely valuable from a medicinal point of view.…”

Section: Description Of the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal waterbirds in the traditional healthcare system: an assessment of biodiversity–cultural linkages in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Rahman

Nadeem

Umair

et al. 2022

J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine

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Background Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is home to a vast range of medicinal and edible waterbird species due to its diverse geographical environment. Waterbird species have been used for various ailments and cultural practices since ancient times, while ethno-pharmacological applications and cultural uses of waterbird species in this area have seldom been documented. This study is the first ethnomedicinal and cultural assessment of waterbird species, and the first compilation and listing of all known data on these species in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods Interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data from native respondents (N = 100). To analyze the data, principal component analysis (PCA), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL%), relative popularity level (RPL), rank order priority, and similarity index were used. Results In total, 64 waterbird species were utilized in cultural practices, of which 40 species are used to cure different infectious and chronic diseases such as cold, cough, flu, fever, respiratory disorders, asthma, TB, gastric ulcers, kidney stones, male impotency, obesity, paralysis, piles, cancer, arthritis, body pain, and weakness. PCA showed significant differences in the use of waterbird species among the local inhabitants of the study area, separated along the axis-2 (p < 0.05). The FL% of waterbird species varied from 12 to 100%. 100% FL was analyzed for four waterbird species, i.e., Charadrius mongolus (cold), Gallicrex cinerea (asthma), Anas platyrhynchos (cancer), and Esacus recurvirostris (body weakness). In this study, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) was the most popular species used in the healthcare system of Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, with high RFC (4.06), FL% (100), and RPL (1.0) values. Conclusion We concluded that waterbird species are more used for medicine and food purposes in the study area. However, in vitro/in vivo assessment of biochemical activities of waterbird species with a maximum FL% might be significant to produce novel drugs. Recent research shows important ethno-ornithological information about native people and their links with waterbird species, which might be helpful for the sustainable use of waterbird diversity in the research area.

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Analysis of Operational Changes of Tarbela Reservoir to Improve the Water Supply, Hydropower Generation, and Flood Control Objectives

Cited by 17 publications

References 36 publications

Composition, Texture, and Weathering Controls on the Physical and Strength Properties of Selected Intrusive Igneous Rocks from Northern Pakistan

Composition, Texture, and Weathering Controls on the Physical and Strength Properties of Selected Intrusive Igneous Rocks from Northern Pakistan

Impacts of Stressors on Riparian Health Indicators in the Upper and Lower Indus River Basins in Pakistan

Medicinal waterbirds in the traditional healthcare system: an assessment of biodiversity–cultural linkages in Eastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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