Analysis of Nonlinearly Loaded Multiport Antenna Structures Over an Imperfect Ground Plane Using the Volterra-Series Method

Sarkar, Tapan K.; Weiner, D.D.; Harrington, Roger F.

doi:10.1109/temc.1978.303720

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Nonlinear antenna analysis can be traced back to the works of [ 32 ], based on a Time-Domain (TD) formulation of Method of Moments (MoM) that allows the direct inclusion of the nonlinear load model into the calculation. Another approach is presented in [ 33 , 34 ], where the antenna problem is solved by MoM, while a Frequency-Domain (FD) formulation based on a Modified Volterra Series (MVS) is used to solve the resulting nonlinear circuit for single and multiple antenna cases. Likewise, Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Ramírez

Barlabé

Pradell

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Nonlinear effects in the radio front-end can degrade communication quality and system performance. In this paper we present a new design technique for reconfigurable antennas that minimizes the nonlinear distortion and maximizes power efficiency through the minimization of the coupling between the internal switching ports and the external feeding ports. As a nonlinear design and validation instance, we present the nonlinear characterization up to 50 GHz of a PIN diode commonly used as a switch for reconfigurable devices in the microwave band. Nonlinear models are extracted through X-parameter measurements supported by accurate calibration and de-embedding procedures. Nonlinear switch models are validated by S-parameter measurements in the low power signal regime and by harmonic measurements in the large-signal regime and are further used to predict the measured nonlinearities of a reconfigurable antenna. These models have the desired particularity of being integrated straightforwardly in the internal multi-port method formulation, which is used and extended to account for the power induced on the switching elements. A new figure of merit for the design of reconfigurable antennas is introduced—the power margin, that is, the power difference between the fed port and the switching elements, which combined with the nonlinear load models directly translates into nonlinearities and power-efficiency-related metrics. Therefore, beyond traditional antenna aspects such as port match, gain, and beam orientation, switch power criteria are included in the design methodology. Guidelines for the design of reconfigurable antennas and parasitic layers of minimum nonlinearity are provided as well as the inherent trade-offs. A particular antenna design suitable for 5G communications in the 3.5 GHz band is presented according to these guidelines, in which the specific switching states for a set of target performance metrics are obtained via a balancing of the available figures of merit with multi-objective separation criteria, which enables good control of the various design trade-offs. Average Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and power efficiency improvement of 12 and 6 dB, respectively, are obtained with the application of this design approach. In summary, this paper introduces a new framework for the nonlinear modeling and design of reconfigurable antennas and provides a set of general-purpose tools applicable in cases beyond those used as examples and validation in this work. Additionally, the use of these models and guidelines is presented, demonstrating one of the most appealing advantages of the reconfigurable parasitic layer approach, their low nonlinearity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Ramírez

Barlabé

Pradell

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…* Volterra series methods were first applied to transistor circuit simulation in 1967 [21] and since then have been successfully applied to the characterization and analysis of many nonlinear circuits [ 18-?0. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] were the Volterra nonlinear transfer functions can be derived algebraically [ 18, 34.261, experimentally [32,41,42]. or numerically [MI.…”

Section: Volterra Series Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer‐aided analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits using frequency‐domain nonlinear analysis techniques: The state of the art

Steer

Chang

Rhyne

1991

Int. J. Microw. Mill.‐Wave Comput.‐Aided Eng.

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Frequency-domain nonlinear analysis techniques for the simulation of active microwave circuits solve the linear and nonlinear network equations entirely in the frequency-domain. By so doing, they avoid the aliasing problems inherent in piecewise harmonic balance approaches. Consequently, frequency-domain techniques have extremely wide dynamic range and easily accommodate high order multitone excitation. However, this is at the expense of requiring more restrictive nonlinear device models. There are a large number of frequency-domain nonlinear analysis techniques but all are based on functional expansions which enable the frequency components of the output spectrum to be calculated directly from the input spectrum. These techniques have been used to analyze many nonlinear circuits and are the only candidates for the hierarchical simulation of nonlinear microwave circuits. This paper first uses frequency-domain concepts to discuss nonlinear distortion phenomena, then, a review of the frequency-domain nonlinear analysis literature is made with the aim of presenting the major advances in these techniques.

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“…The subject of nonlinear electromagnetic scattering has been investigated extensively. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] These works are pertinent to the modeling of nonlinearly loaded antennas, though it is conceivable that the analysis in these studies can be generalized to treat any nonlinearly loaded scatterer; unfortunately, the remote sensing aspect of the problem is not considered in detail-that is, these works do not discuss the exploitation of the harmonic scattering responses for target detection, localization, and imaging. A recent study 26 presented a comprehensive numerical solver for characterizing the multistatic harmonic responses of nonlinearly loaded antenna targets under tone excitation in the presence of a half-space, and thence, proposed a subspace-based direct imaging technique for near-field location estimation of on-surface and buried targets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalized Wideband Harmonic Imaging of Nonlinearly Loaded Scatterers: Theory, Analysis, and Application for Forward-Looking Radar Target Detection

Liao¹

2014

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Analysis of Nonlinearly Loaded Multiport Antenna Structures Over an Imperfect Ground Plane Using the Volterra-Series Method

Cited by 21 publications

References 5 publications

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Computer‐aided analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits using frequency‐domain nonlinear analysis techniques: The state of the art

Generalized Wideband Harmonic Imaging of Nonlinearly Loaded Scatterers: Theory, Analysis, and Application for Forward-Looking Radar Target Detection

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