Analysis of New Orthogonal Transforms for Digital Watermarking

Bogacki, Piotr; Dziech, Andrzej

doi:10.3390/s22072628

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Where 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣) is the DCT coefficient of the sorted result, 𝛼 is the strength of the watermark that adjusts the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness [12], 𝑤 is one-bit binary data (0 or 1), where the bit value 0 becomes -1, and the bit is one fixed. The decrease in the quality of the watermarked image is influenced by the higher 𝛼 value but the better level of accuracy in the extraction process [13]. In this study, the value of 𝛼 used is 0,1, which has been proposed in previous studies with a PSNR value of ≥ 40 dB [2].…”

Section: If Index  Return Total Number Of Elements In Sort2 -1 Then ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Embedding Locations in the Subband Frequency DCT on Scanned Images

Hidayati

Budiman

Wang

2023

Data Science: J. of Computing and Appl. Informatics

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Uploading an identity card as an image for the account verification process or transactions online can be a threat to application users. Identity card theft can be carried out by irresponsible persons if the application can be hacked. Therefore, protection of the image is required for authentication. In this study, the proposed technique is watermarking. A watermark in the form of a binary image will be embedded into the image as ownership using a Discrete Cosine Transform. The Discrete Cosine Transform works in the frequency domain. The location of the embedding of different watermarks was analysed in each 8×8 DCT block. The results of the analysis to assess the imperceptibility of original images and watermarked images using PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Measure), while assessing the watermark robustness embedded using NCC (Normalized Cross Correlation). The results show PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) ≥ 54 dB with a watermark strength of 0,1 and an average SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Measure) ≥ 0,9 on 4 scanned images in BMP format with a resolution of 100 DPI. A good watermark embedding is done on the green component at middle frequencies to maintain a balance between imperceptibility and robustness. In contrast, the red component at low frequency is vulnerable to attacks in the form of brightness +20 and contrast +50 with an average NCC (Normalized Cross Correlation) ≤ 0,85.

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Section: If Index  Return Total Number Of Elements In Sort2 -1 Then ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Embedding Locations in the Subband Frequency DCT on Scanned Images

Hidayati

Budiman

Wang

2023

Data Science: J. of Computing and Appl. Informatics

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“…In the literature, there are many publications on embedding a watermark in a static image using the classical methods [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These methods use the whole image or some of its regions, constituting the areas of interest.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Quality Video Watermarking Based on Deep Neural Networks and Adjustable Subsquares Properties Algorithm

Kaczyński

Piotrowski

2022

Sensors

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This paper presents a method of high-capacity and transparent watermarking based on the usage of deep neural networks with the adjustable subsquares properties algorithm to encode the data of a watermark in high-quality video using the H.265/HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding) codec. The aim of the article is to present a method of embedding a watermark in a video with HEVC codec compression by making changes in a video in a way that is not noticeable to the naked eye. The method presented here is characterised by focusing on ensuring the accuracy of the original image in relation to the watermarked image, providing the transparency of the embedded watermark, while ensuring its survival after compression by the HEVC codec. The article includes a presentation of the practical results of watermark embedding with a built-in variation mechanism of its capacity and resistance, thanks to the adjustable subsquares properties algorithm. The obtained PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio) results are at the level of 40 dB or better. There is the possibility of the complete recovery of a watermark from a single frame compressed in the CRF (constant rate factor) range of up to 16, resulting in a BER (bit error rate) equal to 0 for the received watermark.

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“…Additionally, transform-based techniques can be used jointly with other methods, such as, (e.g., singular value decomposition (SVD) [ 14 ] or discrete fractional random transform (DFRNT)) [ 2 ]. There are also new approaches that apply novel types of transforms that are orthogonal and can be parameterized [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method for Image Protection Using Periodic Haar Piecewise-Linear Transform and Watermarking Technique

Dziech¹,

Bogacki²,

Derkacz³

2022

Sensors

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The paper presents a novel data-embedding method based on the Periodic Haar Piecewise-Linear (PHL) transform. The theoretical background behind the PHL transform concept is introduced. The proposed watermarking method assumes embedding hidden information in the PHL transform domain using the luminance channel of the original image. The watermark is embedded by modifying the coefficients with relatively low values. The proposed method was verified based on the measurement of the visual quality of an image with a watermark with respect to the length of the embedded information. In addition, the bit error rate (BER) is also considered for different sizes of a watermark. Furthermore, a method for the detection of image manipulation is presented. The elaborated technique seems to be suitable for applications in digital signal and image processing where high imperceptibility and low BER are required, and information security is of high importance. In particular, this method can be applied in systems where the sensitive data is transmitted or stored and needs to be protected appropriately (e.g., in medical image processing) .

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Analysis of New Orthogonal Transforms for Digital Watermarking

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Analysis of Embedding Locations in the Subband Frequency DCT on Scanned Images

Analysis of Embedding Locations in the Subband Frequency DCT on Scanned Images

High-Quality Video Watermarking Based on Deep Neural Networks and Adjustable Subsquares Properties Algorithm

A New Method for Image Protection Using Periodic Haar Piecewise-Linear Transform and Watermarking Technique

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