Analysis of Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Children and Adolescents Up to 16 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Yung, Chee Fu; Saffari, Seyed Ehsan; Mah, Shirley Yun Yan; Tan, Natalie Woon Hui; Chia, Wanni; Thoon, Koh Cheng; Wang, Lin‐Fa

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3072

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In contrast, immunity generated by the whole virus would be evidenced to be more robust and long-lasting. In support of this argument, a recent study from Singapore reported a long-lasting antibody response with at least 13 months of longevity following mild COVID-19 disease [ 27 ]. This indicates that a LAV that induces the immune system like a wild-type infection would also provide long-lasting immunity to COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Live Attenuated COVID-19 Candidate Vaccine for Children: Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Hamsters

et al. 2023

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Children are at risk of infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) resulting in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its more severe forms. New-born infants are expected to receive short-term protection from passively transferred maternal antibodies from their mothers who are immunized with first-generation COVID-19 vaccines. Passively transferred antibodies are expected to wane within first 6 months of infant’s life, leaving them vulnerable to COVID-19. Live attenuated vaccines, unlike inactivated or viral-protein-based vaccines, offer broader immune engagement. Given effectiveness of live attenuated vaccines in controlling infectious diseases such as mumps, measles and rubella, we undertook development of a live attenuated COVID-19 vaccine with an aim to vaccinate children beyond 6 months of age. An attenuated vaccine candidate (dCoV), engineered to express sub-optimal codons and deleted polybasic furin cleavage sites in the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 WA/1 strain, was developed and tested in hamsters. Hamsters immunized with dCoV via intranasal or intramuscular routes induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies and exhibited complete protection against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type isolates, i.e., the Wuhan-like (USA-WA1/2020) and Delta variants (B.1.617.2) in a challenge study. In addition, the dCoV formulated with the marketed measles–rubella (MR) vaccine, designated as MR-dCoV, administered to hamsters via intramuscular route, also protected against both SARS-CoV-2 challenges, and dCoV did not interfere with the MR vaccine-mediated immune response. The safety and efficacy of the dCoV and the MR-dCoV against both variants of SARS-CoV-2 opens the possibility of early immunization in children without an additional injection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Live Attenuated COVID-19 Candidate Vaccine for Children: Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Hamsters

et al. 2023

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“…Last, seroconversion is an imperfect proxy for measuring disease prevalence because not all persons seroconvert after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and some literature suggests that rates of seroconversion may be lower or that antibody waning after infection may be more rapid for children or those with asymptomatic or mild illness ( 34 – 38 ). However, because some data on this issue are conflicting, the potential effect on our results is unclear ( 39 ). Similarly, the exact test characteristics over time for the assays used are not well known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Compared with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases among Children, Colorado, USA, May–July 2021

O'Brien¹,

Cole²,

Albanese³

et al. 2023

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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To compare SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children with seropositive confirmed COVID-19 case counts (case ascertainment by molecular amplification) in Colorado, USA, we conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey during May–July 2021. For a convenience sample of 829 Colorado children, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 36.7%, compared with prevalence of 6.5% according to individually matched COVID-19 test results reported to public health. Compared with non-Hispanic White children, seroprevalence was higher among Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic other race children, and case ascertainment was significantly lower among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black children. This serosurvey accurately estimated SARS-CoV-2 prevalence among children compared with confirmed COVID-19 case counts and revealed substantial racial/ethnic disparities in infections and case ascertainment. Continued efforts to address racial and ethnic differences in disease burden and to overcome potential barriers to case ascertainment, including access to testing, may help mitigate these ongoing disparities.

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“…Initial research focused on evaluating testing methods and antibody responses during acute infection and early post-infection [ 6 – 8 ]. Data from surveillance studies have documented that nucleocapsid antibodies persist in adults up to 41 weeks post-infection [ 3 , 9 , 10 ] however less data exists for children [ 11 – 18 ], especially data which include antibodies against virus variants. While children rarely experience moderate or severe disease [ 19 ], infections are frequent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal seroepidemiology study to evaluate antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and vaccination in children in Calgary, Canada from July 2020 to April 2022: Alberta COVID-19 Childhood Cohort (AB3C) Study

et al. 2023

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Background Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity is important to accurately understand exposure to infection and/or vaccination in specific populations. This study aimed to estimate the serologic response to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and vaccination in children in Calgary, Alberta over a two-year period. Methods Children with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infections, were enrolled in Calgary, Canada in 2020. Venous blood was sampled 4 times from July 2020 to April 2022 for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike antibodies. Demographic and clinical information was obtained including SARS-CoV-2 testing results and vaccination records. Results 1035 children were enrolled and 88.9% completed all 4 visits; median age 9 years (IQR: 5,13); 519 (50.1%) female; and 815 (78.7%) Caucasian. Before enrolment, 118 (11.4%) had confirmed or probable SARS-CoV-2. By April 2022, 39.5% of previously uninfected participants had a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nucleocapsid antibody seropositivity declined to 16.4% of all infected children after more than 200 days post diagnosis. Spike antibodies remained elevated in 93.6% of unvaccinated infected children after more than 200 days post diagnosis. By April 2022, 408 (95.6%) children 12 years and older had received 2 or more vaccine doses, and 241 (61.6%) 5 to 11 year-old children had received 2 vaccine doses. At that time, all 685 vaccinated children had spike antibodies, compared with 94/176 (53.4%) of unvaccinated children. Conclusions In our population, after the first peak of Omicron variant infections and introduction of COVID-19 vaccines for children, all vaccinated children, but just over one-half of unvaccinated children, had SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies indicating infection and/or vaccination, highlighting the benefit of vaccination. It is not yet known whether a high proportion of seropositivity at the present time predicts sustained population-level protection against future SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection or severe COVID-19 outcomes in children.

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Analysis of Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Children and Adolescents Up to 16 Months After SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Abstract: after infection. The findings also broaden the understanding about less severe clinical disease in younger children.

Cited by 16 publications

References 10 publications

A Live Attenuated COVID-19 Candidate Vaccine for Children: Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Hamsters

A Live Attenuated COVID-19 Candidate Vaccine for Children: Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Hamsters

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Compared with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases among Children, Colorado, USA, May–July 2021

A longitudinal seroepidemiology study to evaluate antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and vaccination in children in Calgary, Canada from July 2020 to April 2022: Alberta COVID-19 Childhood Cohort (AB3C) Study

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