Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectra of Complicated Biological Fluids by Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy: Protein and Fat Concentration-Dependent Spectral Changes of Milk

Abstract

Generalized two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy has been applied to analyze near-infrared (NIR) spectra of milk with different protein and fat concentrations. The NIR spectra of milk show rather poor signal-to-noise ratios compared with those of a protein or fat solution and have changing baselines from one spectrum to another. Poor signal-to-noise ratio and variations in baseline are common problems for NIR spectra of real-world samples. This study aims at expanding the utility of generalized 2D correlation spectroscopy to complicated multicomponent biological systems. In order to overcome the above two problems, we have employed multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and smoothing as pretreatment procedures of the milk spectra selected for the calculation of 2D NIR correlation. 2D synchronous correlation spectra in the 2000–2400 nm region constructed from protein or fat concentration-dependent spectral changes of milk sharply enhance bands assignable to proteins or fats, respectively. It has been found that a power spectrum along the diagonal line in a synchronous spectrum very effectively shows the contribution of a particular component to the NIR spectra of milk. In fact, for example, the power spectrum for the fat concentration-dependent spectral changes of milk is very close to an NIR spectrum of fat itself. Two-dimensional asynchronous correlation spectra demonstrate the existence of bands that cannot be identified even by calculation of second derivatives and chemometrics analysis of the spectra. The asynchronous spectra also elucidate interaction between fats, proteins, and water.

Advances in two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy

“…Czarnik-Matusewicz et al [154] reported the 2D NIR study of milk based on the concentration differences of fat and protein. The detection of buried spectral bands was noted, and comparison was made to some chemometrics techniques.…”

2 D Correlation Spectroscopy in Vibrational Spectroscopy

“…4,29,37,43,50,53 -57,64,65,68 -71 Thus, numerous 2D correlation spectroscopy studies have been reported for concentration-or composition-dependent spectral variations of proteins, 29,43,50,57,70 polymers 37,53,54,56,64,65,68,69,71 and multicomponent mixtures. 4,55 For example, systematic studies of polymer blends and copolymers exhibiting specific interactions of components using 2D IR, 2D NIR, 2D Raman and hetero-correlation analysis have been reported. 37,53,54,56,64,65,68,69,71 The 2D correlation of concentration-dependent spectral variations gives interesting results for chemical systems where Beer's law does not strictly hold.…”

Quantitative analysis of melamine by multi-way partial least squares model with two-dimensional near-infrared correlation spectroscopy

“…Moreover, 2D correlation spectroscopy can improve the interpretation of unknown assignments through the correlation of bands selectively coupled by various interaction mechanisms, relative to one-dimensional spectra [7][8][9] . Therefore, 2D correlation spectroscopy has been successfully applied in the analysis of complex biological and biomedical systems [10][11][12][13] . In present work, 2D correlation near-infrared spectroscopy was combined with multi-way partial least squares (N-PLS) to quantify the melamine concentration in adulterated milk.…”