Analysis of Nanomaterials on Biological and Environmental Systems and New Analytical Methods for Improved Detection

Abstract

The advancing field of nanoscience has produced lower mass, smaller size, and expanded chemical composition nanoparticles over recent years. These new nanoparticles have challenged traditional analytical methods of qualification and quantification. Such advancements in nanoparticles and nanomaterials have captured the attention of toxicologists with concerns regarding the environment and human health impacts. Given that nanoparticles are only limited by size (1–100 nm), their chemical and physical characteristics can drastically change and thus alter their overall nanotoxicity in unpredictable ways. A significant limitation to the development of nanomaterials is that traditional regulatory and scientific methods used to assess the biological and environmental toxicity of chemicals do not generally apply to the assessment of nanomaterials. Significant research effort has been initiated, but much more is still needed to develop new and improved analytical measurement methods for detecting and quantitating nanomaterials in biological and environmental systems.

Selected Technical Aspects of Molecular Allergy Diagnostics

“…Such multipl matrices allow for the detection of IgE specific for several hundred different allerge simultaneously (in one test) and in a small volume of blood serum. In conclusion, t analytical tests constructed in the technology of nanoparticles are characterized by ve high efficiency and high analytical sensitivity independently for each measured analy [30][31][32][33]. Currently, the ALEX test is the only multiplex analytical platform for in vit allergy diagnostics constructed using nanoparticle technology.…”

“…They can be formed naturally (as a result of erosion of rocks or organic compounds), or they can be by-products of human activity, or they can be intentionally created nanoparticles of a defined size and structure (so-called engineered nanoparticles). Engineering nanoparticles can be made of various materials: gold, silver, platinum, carbon, cobalt, copper, silicon and other materials [30][31][32].…”

“…The process of producing particles with desired physical, chemical or biological properties is called functionalization of nanoparticles. Functionalization affects the ability of nanoparticles to interact with specific chemical or biological substances [30][31][32].…”

Recent Approaches of Intranasal to Brain Drug Delivery System

“…Some drugs can also affect the ciliary beat frequency (e.g. atropine) [67,68] or inhibit ciliary movement (e.g. local anesthetics such as ketamine/xylazine and fentanyl) [69], increasing the potential for adverse effects.…”