Analysis of Microbial Community in the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City and Study on Protective Materials

Sun, M; Zhang, Fengyu; Huang, Xinduo; Han, Yeqing; Jiang, Nan; Cui, Biao; Guo, Qingling; Kong, Mengyue; Song, Ligang; Pan, Jiao

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00684

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Cultural relics of various materials may be corroded by microorganisms ( Mazzoli et al, 2018 ), including organic cultural relics such as wooden relics ( Liu et al, 2017 ), textiles ( Gutarowska et al, 2017 ), silk ( Wang et al, 2023 ), and leather ( Liu et al, 2018a ). It also includes inorganic cultural relics, such as stone relics ( Li et al, 2018 ), earth ruins ( Sun et al, 2020 ), ancient buildings ( Piñar et al, 2009 ; Gaylarde et al, 2011 ), and murals ( Ma et al, 2020 ). In particular, organic cultural relics, whose material composition is natural and complex, can provide rich nutrients for microorganism’s growth ( Kip and Veen, 2015 ; Liu et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on biodegradation mechanism of Fusarium solani NK-NH1 on the hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck

Wang,

Han,

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is an ancient wooden ship in the Southern Song Dynasty. Currently, serious challenges of microbial diseases exist on the hull wood. This study aimed to obtain microbial samples from the ship hull in December 2021 and analyze the microbial diseases through scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing to preserve the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. The biodegradation mechanism of diseased microorganisms was explored through whole genome sequencing and the detection of enzyme activity and gene expression levels of diseased microorganisms under different conditions. The results showed that there was obvious fungal colonization on the surface of the hull wood and Fusarium solani NK-NH1 was the dominant disease fungus on the surface. NK-NH1 has strong cellulose and lignin degradation ability. Its whole genome size is 52,389,955 bp, and it contains 17,402 genes. It has a variety of key enzyme genes involved in cellulose and lignin degradation. The NK-NH1 dominant degrading enzyme lignin peroxidase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 30%, and FeSO4 concentration of 50 mg/L, while laccase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 10%, and FeSO4 concentration of 100 mg/L. The above research results prove that NK-NH1 is a key fungus to the biodegradation of ship hull wood when it is exposed to air, low pH, high salt, and rich in sulfur iron compounds. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on biodegradation mechanism of Fusarium solani NK-NH1 on the hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck

Wang,

Han,

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Meanwhile, the mycelium from fungi could penetrate the substrate of the site to result in cracks that impact stability [11,12]. The diversity and distribution of microorganisms have been researched in many earthen sites [13][14][15], and related control and preventive measures have been proposed to handle microbial deterioration [16][17][18][19][20], but they are rarely put into practice in large-scale conservation projects of earthen sites as study achievements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Study on Microbial Deterioration Control and Effectiveness Evaluation in the Neolithic Prehistoric Archaeological Site of Dadiwan, Northwest China

Xu,

Chen,

et al. 2024

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Microbial deterioration as one of the widespread problems in archaeological site museums significantly affects their safety and exhibits. This paper systemically investigated the environments and conditions of microbial outbreaks in the Dadiwan No. F901 site museum, which is a representative archaeological site of prehistoric Yangshao culture. The morphology and harmful characteristics of the outbreak microorganisms were analyzed by microscopic techniques. The ultraviolet resistance of harmful microorganisms was also studied. Combining these findings with the original facilities of the site museum, a scientific and reasonable project was proposed to control and prevent the activity of harmful microorganisms. In addition, a 1% OIT/DCOIT biocide concentration was applied to inhibit microorganism-caused deterioration, in combination with mechanical removal based on laboratory tests and screening in situ. The effectiveness of microbial control was assessed using a portable microscope, ATP bioluminescence assay, and color difference detection. As a long-lasting preventive measure for microbial deterioration, an ultraviolet sterilization system can efficaciously prevent the re-outbreak of microbial deterioration to form a relatively stable dynamic balance for the surroundings of the site. This study is a resultful exploration in terms of microbial control and plays an important role in the sustainable protection of archaeological site museums.

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“…Cultural relics are precious due to their historical, artistic, scientific, and social value [1][2][3]. In 2002, when building Xianyang Lake, researchers discovered by accident the ruins of an old river embankment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Iron Anchor Diseases Unearthed from Gudu Ruins in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, China

Mai

Chen²,

Zhang

et al. 2022

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Iron cultural relics are easily affected by environmental factors and can completely rust away. As early as the Qin Dynasty in ancient China, Xianyang Gudu was part of the most important transportation route to the West from ancient Chang’an; research into Xianyang Gudu has provided important information for understanding the historical changes in ancient China, East–West trade, and ancient boating technology. In this research, we use the iron anchors unearthed from the Gudu ruins in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, China as the research object; then, we used a scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ion chromatography, and other methods to detect the corroded products of the iron anchors, and analyzed the iron anchor diseases in different preservation environments to explore the relationship between iron anchor disease and the preservation environment. This research found that the corroded products of the iron anchors contained the harmful tetragonal lepidocrocite (β-FeOOH) and that a high concentration of salt ions in the river channel accelerated the corrosion of the anchors; this analysis, based on the disease results, can provide a basis for the subsequent scientific restoration of iron anchors.

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Analysis of Microbial Community in the Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City and Study on Protective Materials

Cited by 8 publications

References 38 publications

Study on biodegradation mechanism of Fusarium solani NK-NH1 on the hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck

Study on biodegradation mechanism of Fusarium solani NK-NH1 on the hull wood of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck

Preliminary Study on Microbial Deterioration Control and Effectiveness Evaluation in the Neolithic Prehistoric Archaeological Site of Dadiwan, Northwest China

Analysis of Iron Anchor Diseases Unearthed from Gudu Ruins in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, China

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