Analysis of methods of increasing the productivity of grain crops to reduce the interannual variation of their yield

Abstract

Scientific observations of the growth and productivity of grain crops have been carried out in the world for more than 100 years. It is established that the productivity of plants primarily depends on the amount of nutrients in the soil, the effectiveness of which depends on the varieties used, the agrotechnics of their cultivation and weather conditions. The ever-increasing need for food has led to the accelerated use of nutrients and the creation of plant varieties that are more demanding to the conditions of development. At the same time, the industrial development of the planet has led to climate changes that reduce many previous achievements of agricultural science and practice by their impact on yields. The effect of nutrition elements on yield from 50–60% on an annual scale is reduced to 20–30% with long-term consideration. The dependence of the yield of modern varieties on weather conditions is 30–80%. It is possible to reduce its dependence on weather conditions by increasing soil fertility, while understanding under fertility not so much the saturation of the soil with nutrients, as a set of measures, including agrophysical ones, aimed at a controlled effect on the soil in order to create an optimal water-air regime, since one of the main directions of the influence of weather on plant productivity there is a change in the moisture supply of plants. Separately, each of the traditional factors of increasing yields to reduce dependence on weather conditions is ineffective.