Analysis of medieval glass by X-ray spectrometric methods

Šmit, Ž.; Pelicon, Primož; Vidmar, Gaj; Zorko, Benjamin; Budnar, M.; Demortier, G.; Gratuze, Bernard; Sturm, Sebastian; Nečemer, Marijan; Kump, P.; Kos, Monika

doi:10.1016/s0168-583x(99)00947-7

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Glass produced in central Europe and Venice between 11th to 14th centuries frequently reflects soda ash glass composition [4][5][6]. Typical soda ash glass contains sodium and calcium oxides in a weight proportion of almost 1.4:1 and relatively high amount of magnesium and potassium oxides due to use of quartz and the ash of halophytic plants for production [4][5][6][7]. Soda lime glass was produced from 900 BC to the Middle Ages from quartz, trona and lime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeometric investigations of medieval stained glass panels from Grodziec in Poland

Wilk¹,

Kamińska²,

Walczak³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the International Conference LACONA XI

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Two stained glass panels of Austrian origin from the 15th century were formerly placed in Grodziec castle in Poland and nowadays they belong to the collection of the National Museum in Wrocław. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of glass from medieval and modern parts of the panels. Elemental composition of bulk glass and external layers of glass samples was determined with the use of SEM-EDX and LA-ICP-MS methods. Morphology of the deteriorated glass was investigated through SEM-BSE images of the cross-sections. Moreover, the longitudinal concentration profiles were determined by LA-ICP-MS measurements. Results show that stained glass panels reveal characteristic elemental composition of wood ash glass produced from 1000 to 1400 AD. Almost equal proportions of potassium and calcium oxides indicate that high quality of beech wood was applied by manufacturers. Main and minor elements content was common for almost all investigated glass samples, which suggests that manufacturers follow strictly the assumed recipe during panels production. Differences in elemental composition detected for minor or trace elements were connected to colour additives. Stained glass samples from glazing exhibit composition of typical modern glass. Considerable differences between the composition of healthy bulk glass and the deteriorated surface of glass were detected though SEM-BSE images and LA-ICP-MS longitudinal concentration profiles. High concentrations of lead, copper and iron were noticed in external layers of glass samples, which can be explained by the presence of decorative paint layers and drawings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeometric investigations of medieval stained glass panels from Grodziec in Poland

Wilk¹,

Kamińska²,

Walczak³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the International Conference LACONA XI

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“…The glassmakers of the Mediterranean area continue to use their typical fluxer, while the glassmakers living in the Germanic territory develop new technologies, with the aim of using cheaper raw materials that come from closer areas. The new fluxer used is ash, typically beechwood ash (Smit et al . 2000) or plant ash ( Salicornia herbacea ) (Newton and Davison 1989) and this gives the glass new characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass Corrosion Across the Alps: A Surface Study of Chemical Corrosion of Glasses Found in Marine and Ground Environments*

et al. 2005

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Ancient glasses deriving from differing environments (marine and ground) and areas (Mediterranean and Continental) have been investigated to understand their weathering processes. Although the glass technologies, developed in various ways, and the differing compositions of the glasses from the two areas, have generated differing durabilities, the weathering features of both typologies of glass are identical. Therefore, the corrosion phenomena are due to the action of water, and they are not related to the sample microclimate. Data have been collected using optical microscopy, RGA and surface analysis techniques: XPS, ESEM and SIMS.

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“…Quantitative analysis of the major, minor and trace elements of glass objects by PIXE and PIGE can provide important information regarding the production process and new materials used for these objects [Duerden et al, 1986;Fleming and Swann, 1999;Kuisma-Kursula, 2000;Mader et al, 2005;Smit et al, 2000Smit et al, , 2005aZhang et al, 2005]. For example, a PIXE study of 16th century glasses excavated in Ljubljana, Slovenia was used to investigate the origins of the fragments [Smit et al, 2000].…”

Section: Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

X‐Ray Techniques

Stuart

2007

Analytical Techniques in Materials Conservation

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X-rays are an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of the order of 10 −10 m. They are typically generated via the bombardment of a metal with high energy electrons. The manner in which X-ray radiation interacts with or is emitted by matter has been exploited in a number of experimental techniques that are widely employed for the structural and compositional analysis of materials of cultural importance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) exploits the fact that the wavelengths of X-rays are comparable to the spacing between regularly spaced atoms. This enables diffraction patterns to be formed and the compounds present to be identified. In X-ray fluorescence (XRF), a beam of X-rays are used to ionise atoms in a material of interest. The characteristic radiation that is emitted provides information about the type and amount of the elements present in a sample. Electron microprobe analysis can be used for analysis of elements as well. The emission of X-rays induced by the use of high energy ion beams can also be examined in techniques such as proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). As with XRF, qualitative and quantitative analysis can be carried out. The energy of X-rays is also exploited in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In XPS, the energy of the incident radiation causes electrons to be ejected from the inner cores of atoms. In AES, the emission of a second electron occurs after high energy radiation has expelled another. As the energies released are characteristic of the elements present, these techniques can be used to identify elements in a material of interest.

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Analysis of medieval glass by X-ray spectrometric methods

Cited by 26 publications

References 4 publications

Archaeometric investigations of medieval stained glass panels from Grodziec in Poland

Archaeometric investigations of medieval stained glass panels from Grodziec in Poland

Glass Corrosion Across the Alps: A Surface Study of Chemical Corrosion of Glasses Found in Marine and Ground Environments*

X‐Ray Techniques

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