Analysis of marine toxins: gaps on food safety control of marine toxins

Otero, Paz; Alfonso, Carmen

doi:10.1002/9781118500354.ch1

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…When dealing with a chemical method, such as LC–MS, there are several aspects, other than matrix effects, which are likely to impact the method performances. This has been largely reported in the literature [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] and it feeds the controversy upon the replacement of the mouse bioassay, used as a reference method for the analysis of certain toxins, with LC-MS. Although factors such as the availability and stability of standards and reference materials, as well as the difference in sensitivity of the MS analyzers, contribute to the gaps identified in food safety control for marine toxins by chemical methods, the non-targeted approach comes as an answer to one of the major criticisms of LC-MS methods: the analysis of pre-assigned masses, which hinders the detection of emerging and unknown toxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS)

Dom

Biré

Hort

et al. 2018

Toxins

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When considering the geographical expansion of marine toxins, the emergence of new toxins and the associated risk for human health, there is urgent need for versatile and efficient analytical methods that are able to detect a range, as wide as possible, of known or emerging toxins. Current detection methods for marine toxins rely on a priori defined target lists of toxins and are generally inappropriate for the detection and identification of emerging compounds. The authors describe the implementation of a recent approach for the non-targeted analysis of marine toxins in shellfish with a focus on a comprehensive workflow for the acquisition and treatment of the data generated after liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. First, the study was carried out in targeted mode to assess the performance of the method for known toxins with an extended range of polarities, including lipophilic toxins (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, cyclic imines, brevetoxins) and domoic acid. The targeted method, assessed for 14 toxins, shows good performance both in mussel and oyster extracts. The non-target potential of the method was then challenged via suspects and without a priori screening by blind analyzing mussel and oyster samples spiked with marine toxins. The data processing was optimized and successfully identified the toxins that were spiked in the blind samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS)

Dom

Biré

Hort

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…Only few compounds of each group are regulated: yessotoxin (YTX), homo-yessotoxin (Homo-YTX), 45-hydroxy-yessotoxin (45-OH-YTX), 45-hydroxy-homo-yessotoxin (45-OH-homo-YTX), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2), azaspiracid-3 (AZA-3), pectenotoxin-1 (PTX-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), OA, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), and dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX-3). When LC-MS methodology is used, the concentration in a sample has to be referred to a predominant toxin of the group, named the reference compound (RC) and using the toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) values for the other analogues from the same group [ 2 , 3 ]. The RCs for lipophilic toxins are YTX, AZA-1, PTX-2, and OA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RCs for lipophilic toxins are YTX, AZA-1, PTX-2, and OA. The use of TEFs requires the knowledge of the toxicity of each analogue present in a sample to link analytical data into their toxicity [ 2 , 3 ]. Several countries have proposed limits in molluscs for some lipophilic toxins, for example, in the European Union (EU), levels in shellfish for human consumption have to be below 3.75 mg eq YTX/kg, 0.16 mg eq AZA, and 0.16 mg eq OA/Kg (for the OA and PTX toxin group) [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Cyclic Imine Toxins in Dietary Supplements of Green Lipped Mussels (Perna canaliculus) and in Shellfish Mytilus chilensis

Otero

Vale

Boente-Juncal

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Seafood represents a significant part of the human staple diet. In the recent years, the identification of emerging lipophilic marine toxins has increased, leading to the potential for consumers to be intoxicated by these toxins. In the present work, we investigate the presence of lipophilic marine toxins (both regulated and emerging) in commercial seafood products from non-European locations, including mussels Mytilus chilensis from Chile, clams Tawerea gayi and Metetrix lyrate from the Southeast Pacific and Vietnam, and food supplements based on mussels formulations of Perna canaliculus from New Zealand. All these products were purchased from European Union markets and they were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results showed the presence of the emerging pinnatoxin-G in mussels Mytilus chilensis at levels up to 5.2 µg/kg and azaspiracid-2 and pectenotoxin-2 in clams Tawera gayi up to 4.33 µg/kg and 10.88 µg/kg, respectively. This study confirms the presence of pinnatoxins in Chile, one of the major mussel producers worldwide. Chromatograms showed the presence of 13-desmethyl spirolide C in dietary supplements in the range of 33.2–97.9 µg/kg after an extraction with water and methanol from 0.39 g of the green lipped mussels powder. As far as we know, this constitutes the first time that an emerging cyclic imine toxin in dietary supplements is reported. Identifying new matrix, locations, and understanding emerging toxin distribution area are important for preventing the risks of spreading and contamination linked to these compounds.

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“…Lipophilic marine toxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and accumulate in the marine food chain, are of growing concern in our society [1]. The legislated group of lipophilic marine toxins includes: yessotoxins (YTXs) azaspiracids (AZAs), pectenotoxins (PTXs) and okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, the dinophysistoxins (DTXs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination status of lipophilic marine toxins in commercial shellfish from Spain, Chile and South East Pacific.

Otero

Vale

Boente-Juncal

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxins

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Lipophilic marine toxins in mollusc constitute an important threat to human health and high number of intoxications occur every year. These toxins restrict the progress of aquaculture, which is one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. The region of Galicia (Spain), Chile and South East Pacific are commercially important producer of edible bivalve mollusc, however they have been subjected to recurring cases of shellfish farm closures in the last decade. This work aimed to study the lipophilic toxic profile of commercial shellfish (including emerging toxins) from these locations in order to establish a potential risk when ingested. For this, a total of 41 samples of Galician mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), 6 samples of mussels from Chile (Mytilus chilensis) and other 6 samples from South East Pacific (Tawerea gayi and Meretrix lyrata ) were purchased in local markets and analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Chromatograms from Mytilus galloprovincialis showed the presence of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2) and the emerging toxins 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-13) and pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G). Data showed that OA group toxins are the main risk in Galician mollusks, which was detected in 38 samples (93%) at levels close to the legislated limit, followed by SPX-13 that was detected in 19 samples (46%) in quantities of up to 28.9 μg/kg. Analysis from PTX-2, AZA-2, and PnTX-G showed smaller amounts, all below 3 μg/kg. Results also showed the presence of the emerging PnTX-G in mussels Mytilus chilensis at levels up to 5.2 μg/kg and AZA-2 and PTX-2 in clams Tawera gayi up to 4.33μg/kg and 10.88μg/kg, respectively. Despite no potential risk through mussel ingestion was found for the emerging toxins (SPX-13 and PnTX-G), there is a need for robust methodologies that can detect a wide range of known or emerging toxins in different matrix due to the geographical expansion of marine toxins.

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Analysis of marine toxins: gaps on food safety control of marine toxins

Cited by 4 publications

References 86 publications

Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS)

Extended Targeted and Non-Targeted Strategies for the Analysis of Marine Toxins in Mussels and Oysters by (LC-HRMS)

Detection of Cyclic Imine Toxins in Dietary Supplements of Green Lipped Mussels (Perna canaliculus) and in Shellfish Mytilus chilensis

Contamination status of lipophilic marine toxins in commercial shellfish from Spain, Chile and South East Pacific.

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