Analysis of Linear Growth Using a Mathematical Model. II. From 3 to 21 Years of Age

Karlberg, Johan; Fryer, J. G.; Engström, Ingemar; Karlberg, P

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb17122.x

Cited by 124 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It has been shown that girls who mature early tend to be tall for their age a t onset of menarche, but the longer growth period of later maturers, may explain why they often become taller as adults than the early maturer (26,27). Naturally, caloric restriction during childhood is likely to modify this pattern, resulting both in later age at menarche and lower adult height.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Study of Height, Body Mass Index and Risk of Breast Cancer

Vatten

Kvinnsland²

1992

Acta Oncologica

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Study of Height, Body Mass Index and Risk of Breast Cancer

Vatten

Kvinnsland²

1992

Acta Oncologica

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“…Thus, height SDS for prepubertal children had to be obtained from the childhood part in the Swedish reference. The childhood reference gives an accurate estimate of height, as it does not underestimate height if puberty is delayed (22). Achieved FH was defined as the time point 1 y after height velocity Ͻ1 cm/y.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Height in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age Treated with Growth Hormone

2005

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The aim of this observational study was to assess the longterm growth responses to GH treatment of children born small for gestational age (SGA). GH treatment was begun before puberty and continued to final height (FH). Seventy-seven short (height SD score below Ϫ2) prepubertal children born SGA (below Ϫ2 SD for birth weight and/or birth length), with a broad range of GH secretory capacity, were treated with GH in a daily dose of 33 g/kg (0.1 U/kg), beginning before the onset of puberty. We observed a difference between adult and pretreatment projected height of 1.3 SD (9 cm) for the entire group. Among the children treated for Ͼ2 y before puberty, this mean gain (i.e. difference) in final height was 1.7 SD, whereas the mean gain was 0.9 SD among those in whom treatment was begun Ͻ2 y before puberty. Better catch-up growth was observed in the younger (r ϭ Ϫ0.56, p Ͻ 0.0001), shorter (r ϭ Ϫ0.49, p Ͻ 0.0001), and lighter (r ϭ Ϫ0.46, p Ͻ 0.0001) subjects. We conclude that GH treatment improves the final height of short children born SGA. The height gain attained before the onset of puberty is maintained to final height. The younger, shorter, and lighter the child at the start of GH treatment, the better the response. Moreover, most of these SGA individuals treated with GH reach their target height. There is a 5-to 7-fold higher risk of short stature among adults who were born SGA, compared with those born AGA (1,2). Children born SGA comprise one-third of children who are short during childhood (1). As short stature is present in 10 -15% of children born SGA (1-3), efforts have been made to understand the etiology of their growth restriction and to increase their FH.Birth length has been shown in population-based studies to be the single most important predictor of adult height (1,2). Short children born SGA keep their prepubertal height SDS to FH, whereas short children born AGA gain further 0.6 -0.7 SDS in height during puberty (4). French data show that adult men who were born SGA are, on average 7.5 cm, and women are 9.6 cm below their mid-parent target height (5). This is at the lower end of the range compared with other studies (1,6,7), which find a growth deficit of 0.7-0.9 SDS below the MPH.Either low GH secretion or reduced sensitivity to GH may account for some of the growth retardation of children born SGA (8 -10). Boguszewski et al. (11,12) reported that short children born SGA have both lower mean GH secretion rates and lower serum IGF-I (IGF-I) values than children born AGA. In children born SGA, there is a correlation between the GH dose and the growth response, mainly during prepubertal years (13-16). The majority of short children born SGA show improvement in growth rate during GH treatment, particularly if treatment is begun early (14,16). With the exception of one large study (17), however, no information is available on the FH achieved by short children born SGA and treated with GH from a young age to FH. We report here the observational data on the effect of GH therapy on final height of childr...

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“…All children were classified as prepubertal, according to Tanner & Whitehouse (29) regarding breast and pubic hair development, and according to Zachmann et al (30) regarding testicular volume as measured by an orchidometer. Height, weight and weight for height (W/H) at the time of the study were expressed as standard deviation scores (SD score) compared with Swedish reference values (31)(32)(33). All the children were healthy and did not deviate on weight charts nor had they anamnesis or signs of undernutrition.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptin levels are strongly correlated with those of GH-binding protein in prepubertal children

Bjarnason

Boguszewski

Dahlgren

et al. 1997

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: Nutritional status is an important determinant of growth, and previous studies have indicated that this is due, at least in part, to an increased target-tissue sensitivity to GH. An attractive candidate for mediating this effect is leptin, a hormone secreted by the adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate if there was a connection between GH-binding protein (GHBP) and leptin. Design and Methods: We investigated the relationship between serum levels of leptin and those of GHBP in 229 prepubertal children. These included 107 healthy children with normal GH secretion, 55 GHdeficient (GHD) children and 55 children born small for gestational age (SGA) sampled on one occasion for GHBP and leptin, and 12 healthy children followed longitudinally at monthly intervals for 1 year. Results: In the healthy children and in those born SGA, the serum concentration of GHBP was positively correlated with that of leptin (r ¼ 0:65, P < 0:001; r ¼ 0:74, P < 0:001 respectively). There was no correlation between GHBP and leptin in the group of children with GHD (r ¼ 0:27, not significant). This means that leptin alone explained 42% of the variation of GHBP in the healthy group and 55% in the SGA group. The correlation remained after adjustment for body mass index and age in the healthy children (r ¼ 0:57, P < 0:0001, r 2 ¼ 0:33) and for children born SGA (r ¼ 0:74, P < 0:0001, r 2 ¼ 0:55). There was a positive correlation between the intra-individual monthly changes in GHBP and changes in leptin respectively, in the 12 healthy children followed longitudinally, the mean of the correlation coefficients was 0:38 (median ¼ 0:29; range 0:03 to 0:86; P < 0:05). Conclusions: There was a highly significant correlation between serum levels of leptin and those of GHBP, except in children with GHD. The possibility that leptin could mediate the effects of body fat mass on GH sensitivity, therefore, merits further investigation. European Journal of Endocrinology 137 68-73

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Analysis of Linear Growth Using a Mathematical Model. II. From 3 to 21 Years of Age

Abstract: Analysis of linear growth using a mathematical model. 11. From 3 to 21 years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 337:12, 1987.

Cited by 124 publications

References 12 publications

Prospective Study of Height, Body Mass Index and Risk of Breast Cancer

Prospective Study of Height, Body Mass Index and Risk of Breast Cancer

Final Height in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age Treated with Growth Hormone

Leptin levels are strongly correlated with those of GH-binding protein in prepubertal children

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