Analysis of larval antigens of Cephalopina titillator in the camel mucus for diagnosis of infestation

Yousef, Hesham A.; Meguid, Afaf Abdel; Afify, A. M.; Hassan, Hany M.

doi:10.1515/biolog-2016-0051

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Host-parasite relationships are complex, and for both organisms a great number of specialized resistance mechanisms are involved [ 29 ]. The infested camels also develop several but often ineffective strategies of expelling parasites through lay the foundation coughing and sneezing, mucus hypersecretion, and nasal discharge [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific purified protein fraction extracted from the C. titillator larvae for the sensitive and specific diagnosis of early infestation in living camels [27]. Some researchers have performed indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to diagnose in camel serum using purified fractions as antigens [28][29][30]. Currently, there are no diagnostic kits commercially available for detecting myiasis in camels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China

Yao

Liu

et al. 2022

BMC Vet Res

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Background In camels, nasopharyngeal myiasis is caused by the larvae of Cephalopina titillator, which parasitize the tissues of nasal and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. C. titillator infestation adversely affects the health of camels and decreases milk and meat production and even death. However, the C. titillator infestation in Bactrian camels has not been widely studied. Methods The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of C. titillator in Bactrian camels of northwestern Xinjiang. Suspected larvae recovered from infested camels were evaluated for C. titillator by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Nucleotide sequences of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) and cytochrome b (CYTB) genes from the C. titillator of camels were aligned from the NCBI database. Furthermore, the gross and histopathological alterations associated with C. titillator infestation were evaluated via pathological examination. Results Of 1263 camels examined 685 (54.2%) camels were infested with suspected C. titillator larvae. Different larval stages were topically detected in the nasal passages and pharynx of the camel heads. Microscopy analysis of the pharyngeal mucosa tissue revealed necrotic tissue debris and some inflammatory cells. Molecular detection of the larval COX1 and CYTB genes indicated that pathogen collected in Bactrian camels was C. titillator. The epidemiological study demonstrated that the prevalence rate of C.titillator infestation was significantly higher in camels of Bestierek Town Pasture (67.2%) and Karamagai Town Pasture (63.6%) compared to Kitagel Town Pasture (38.7%) and Qibal Town Pasture (35.8%) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the prevalence rates in male (52.6%) and female (54.6%) camels (P > 0.05). The prevalence was higher in warm (64.2%) than that in cold (48.4%) seasons (P < 0.001). The prevalence in camels with non-nomadic method (67.2%) was significantly higher than in animals with nomadic method (47.5%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of C.titillator infestation was significantly higher in animals of aged 5–10 (60.1%) and aged > 10 (61.1%) years old compared to those of aged < 5 (31.7%) years old camels (P < 0.001). Conclusion Our results confirm that there is a high prevalence of C. titillator in Bactrian camels from Xinjiang, closely related to age, season, pasture environment, and husbandry methods. Developing prevention, diagnosis, and control programs to prevent transmission is necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China

Yao

Liu

et al. 2022

BMC Vet Res

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“…Historically, various antigens have been used to detect C. titillator infestation with variable efficacy based on the protein content of the prepared antigen and the corresponding immune responses. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the most potent and diagnostic C. titillator larval antigen capable of detecting specific total IgG antibodies via indirect ELISA [ 20 , 22 , 40 ]. It was evident that the salivary gland antigen was the most powerful compared to hemolymph and somatic antigens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We sought to assess C. titillator sensitivity in crude extracts of larval antigens, including digestive tubule, excretory-secretory products, and salivary glands, for detecting anti- C. titillator antibodies in camel sera [ 21 ] and in mucus samples [ 22 ] through indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing the most diagnostic Cephalopina titillator larval antigens

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Nasal myiasis is a serious parasitic disease among camels caused by Cephalopina titillator larvae that negatively affect animal health and production globally. The diagnosis of the infestation relies on postmortem examination of the head region, which considers a cause impeding treatment of live animals and may be misdiagnosed as central nervous system disorders. This study aimed to identify the most diagnostic larval antigen with the capacity for monitoring infestation. In Egypt, using C. titillator indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a titillator was used to estimate the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and six male camels of Egyptian and Sudanese breeds, aged 2–5 years, were clinically evaluated for respiratory and/or nervous disorders in Cairo Governorate, Egypt. At the time of slaughter, blood samples were collected from all examined animals. The postmortem examination of 38 animals was conducted. Salivary glands, hemolymph, and somatic antigens were extracted from the second and third larval instars. Results: The results revealed that the salivary gland antigen was the most effective antigen for detecting C. titillator compared to hemolymph and crude somatic antigens, titillator-specific total immunoglobulin G antibodies are more prevalent. Using receiver-operating characteristic curves and area under the curve, the salivary gland antigen had a sensitivity of 91.67% and a specificity of 92.31%, respectively. It has the highest positive predictive value, 95.7%, and negative predictive value, 85.7%. However, using somatic and hemolymph antigens revealed a sensitivity of 79.17% and 70.83% and a specificity of 76.9% and 84.6%, respectively. There was complete concordance between ELISA results and autopsy findings (true positive). One hundred and forty out of 306 (45.8%) camel serum samples were found to contain C. titillator. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that salivary gland antigen is more effective than somatic and hemolymph antigens in accurately detecting nasal myiasis in camels. In addition, determining the seroprevalence of nasal myiasis with the salivary gland antigen through indirect ELISA revealed that it is a prevalent disease among camels in Egypt. Periodic surveillance of the C. titillator prevalence is necessary for effective management and control measures.

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Serodiagnosis of nasal myasis in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt using third larval instar affinity-purified glycoprotein

Aboelsoued,

Toaleb,

Mohamed

et al. 2024

Vet Res Commun

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The larvae of Cephalopina titillator cause nasopharyngeal myiasis in camels, which parasitize the living tissues of the nasal and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. C. titillator infestation adversely affects camel health, meat, and milk production, and can even cause death. In our study, to improve the immunodiagnosis of camel nasal myiasis, a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and evaluated using the Concanavalin-A (Con-A) affinity purification for the C. titillator-N-acetylglucosamine (Ct-GlucNAc) glycoprotein fraction from third larval instars as an antigen for detecting C. titillator antibodies. Crude antigens were prepared from larval instars of C. titillator and evaluated by indirect ELISA. The third C. titillator larval antigen (L3Ct) had the highest protein content (P < 0.001) and the best diagnostic value; chi-square = 235 (P < 0.001). Four glycoprotein fractions were purified separately from the L3Ct antigen by Con-A purification and evaluated. The Ct-GlucNAc glycoprotein fraction was the fraction of choice with the highest diagnostic accuracy (P < 0.05). Using Ct-GlucNAc as a coating antigen, indirect ELISA showed a 99.3% sensitivity for positive results in camel myiasis samples and 100% specificity for negative results in healthy camel samples. The diagnostic accuracy was 99.7%, and no cross reactivity was detected for other parasitic diseases. The indirect ELISA results were confirmed by the western immunoblotting which was characterized by comparing sera from naturally infested dromedary camels with C. titillator, sera from healthy camels and sera from camels with other parasitic infections (Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola gigantica, Hard ticks; Hyalomma dromedarii, Trichostronglid sp., Eimeria spp., and Cryptosporidium sp.). Immunoreactive antigenic bands of 63, 50, 30 and 18 kDa were predominantly detected in sera from camels with nasopharyngeal myiasis and didn’t react with healthy and camel’s sera from other parasitic infections. However, seven immunoreactive bands appeared at 120, 70, 63, 48, 35, 29, and 19 kDa in the crude L3Ct antigen. In addition, a positive rate of C. titillator immunodiagnosis was detected by indirect ELISA (48.6%, chi-square = 483, P < 0.001), which was significantly greater than that of postmortem diagnosis (31%). In conclusion, the current study introduces a new diagnostic immunoaffinity glycoprotein fraction of C. titillator 3rd larval instar-based ELISA as a highly accurate, simple and fast method to detect specific antibodies of nasal myiasis in camels.

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Analysis of larval antigens of Cephalopina titillator in the camel mucus for diagnosis of infestation

Abstract: Serodiagnostic test for the diagnosis of infestation of camels by the camel nasal fly,

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China

Prevalence and pathology of Cephalopina titillator infestation in Camelus bactrianus from Xinjiang, China

Seroprevalence of nasal myiasis in camels determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing the most diagnostic Cephalopina titillator larval antigens

Serodiagnosis of nasal myasis in camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt using third larval instar affinity-purified glycoprotein

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