Analysis of Intrathecal Interleukin-6 as a Potential Predictive Factor for Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Schoch, Beate; Regel, Jens P.; Wichert, Marc; Gasser, Thomas; Volbracht, Lothar; Stolke, D.

doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000255440.21495.80

Cited by 98 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These results are in agreement with previous studies that showed increases in these inflammatory cytokines only at later time points [27][28][29]. Thus, the early increase in PTX3 reported in the present study may be regarded as a novel signal related to this complication.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Cerebrospinal fluid pentraxin 3 early after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with vasospasm

et al. 2010

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Cerebrospinal fluid pentraxin 3 early after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with vasospasm

et al. 2010

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“…Recent studies have now suggested that inflammation is an important component in the pathological development of cerebral vasospasm (Dumont et al, 2003). Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid after SAH in patients has shown increases in inflammatory proteins such as interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (Schoch et al, 2007;Hendryk et al, 2004). Although it is expected that this inflammatory response will be at least in part produced by inflammatory cell types, gene expression studies on cerebral arteries from different animal models of SAH indicate that the vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells also undergo an inflammatory response and likely contribute directly to inflammation during the development of vasospasm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is a Proinflammatory Mediator in Cerebral Arteries

Wirrig

Hunter

Mathieson

et al. 2010

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Inflammation has an important function in the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); however, the mediators of this inflammatory response have not been clearly identified. In this study, we have investigated the potential function of two sphingolipids, which occur naturally in plasma and serum, sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), to act as proinflammatory mediators in cerebral artery vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. In rat cerebral arteries, SPC but not S1P activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Using transcription factor arrays, two proinflammatory transcription factors activated by SPC in cerebral arteries were identified-nuclear factor-jB and CCAAT-enhancerbinding protein. Both these transcription factors were activated by SPC in a p38MAPK-dependent manner. To determine whether this contributed to vascular inflammation, an inflammatory protein array was performed, which showed that SPC increased release of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in cultured rat VSM cells. This increase in MCP-1 expression was confirmed in cerebral arteries. The S1P did not increase MCP-1 release. Taken together, our results suggest that SPC, but not S1P, can act as a proinflammatory mediator in cerebral arteries. This may contribute to inflammation observed after SAH and may be part of the initiating event in vasospasm.

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“…In addition, factors such as von Willebrand Factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 have been shown to be elevated in patients with vasospasm [11]. Investigators have also looked at cerebrospinal fluid and confirmed elevated levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as cytokines such as IL-6 [18,20]. Microdialysate has also been investigated and found to contain elevated factors such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and heat-shock cognate 71Dka protein [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, an inflammatory response has been hypothesized to play a large role in irritating the smooth muscle walls of the vessel to induce spasm [3]. Inflammatory markers such as IL-1 [6], IL-6 [6,17,20], neopterin [9], and endothelin-1 [4] have been found to be elevated in CSF associated with vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in multiple studies. Inflammation is thought to play a major role in coronary artery disease as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The predictive value of serum myeloperoxidase for vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

et al. 2012

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Vasospasm is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), with inflammation playing a key role in its pathophysiology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an inflammatory marker, was examined as a potential marker of vasospasm in patients with SAH. Daily serum samples from patients with aneurysmal SAH were assayed for MPO, and transcranial Doppler (TCDs) and neurological exams were assessed to determine vasospasm. Suspected vasospasm was confirmed by angiography. Peak MPO levels were then compared with timing of onset of vasospasm, based on clinical exams, TCDs and cerebral angiography. Patients with vasospasm had a mean MPO level of 115.5 ng/ml, compared to 59.4 ng/ml in those without vasospasm, 42.0 ng/ml in those with unruptured aneurysms, and 4.3 ng/ml in normal controls. In patients who experienced vasospasm, MPO was elevated above the threshold on the day of, or at any point prior to, vasospasm in 10 of 15 events (66.7%), and on the day of, or within 2 days prior to, vasospasm in 8 of 15 events (53.3%). Elevated serum MPO correlates with clinically evident vasospasm following aneurysmal SAH. The potential utility of MPO as a marker of vasospasm is discussed.

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Analysis of Intrathecal Interleukin-6 as a Potential Predictive Factor for Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract: IL-6CSF seems to be a reliable early marker for predicting vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage on Days 4 and 5 before clinical onset.

Cited by 98 publications

References 40 publications

Cerebrospinal fluid pentraxin 3 early after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with vasospasm

Cerebrospinal fluid pentraxin 3 early after subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with vasospasm

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is a Proinflammatory Mediator in Cerebral Arteries

The predictive value of serum myeloperoxidase for vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

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