Analysis of Inferior Venacavography Before Greenfield Filter Placement

The Value of Preprocedure Computed Tomography for Planning Insertion of Inferior Vena Cava Filters

“…In our population, 8.8% of patients had iliocaval thrombi that were previously unknown. IVC filters should be placed above any thrombus [1,2], and, therefore, knowing about the presence and location of thrombus is extremely important. Despite the requirement for ionizing radiation and possibly iodinated contrast material in performing a cavagram, when the information obtained is essential, these risks are justified.…”

“…Venography of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is considered by most operators to be the criterion standard for evaluation of the IVC before IVC filter placement [1–3] and for image guidance during the procedure. Cavagram is used for the determination of the IVC diameter, the location of the renal veins, and the presence or absence of anatomic variants of the renal veins or IVC.…”

Abdominal Computed Tomography and the Placement of Inferior Vena Caval Filters

“…Complex embryogenesis of the IVC leads to variants in up to 37% of patients and, although not all are clinically significant, preplacement imagery can change some aspect of filter placement in 11 to 26% of deployments. [3][4][5] Presently, vena caval imagery with iodinated contrast is the current standard for deployment of IVC filters. 6 However, severe allergic reactions have been reported in approximately 1% of patients receiving intravenous dye.…”

Vena Cavography with CO2versus with Iodinated Contrast Material for Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement: A Prospective Evaluation

“…Safe placement of caval filters requires accurate determination of the anatomic characteristics of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and renal vein before deployment (1,2). Complete assessment includes caval sizing, determination of the presence or absence of anatomic anomalies, and evaluation of the patency of both the IVC and iliac veins (3).…”

“…Complete assessment includes caval sizing, determination of the presence or absence of anatomic anomalies, and evaluation of the patency of both the IVC and iliac veins (3). Vena cavography has been shown to provide important information affecting filter placement in up to 29% of patients (1)(2)(3).…”