Analysis of incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and evaluation of their control in epidemiological survey in the Czech Republic

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this analysis was to analyze the presence of the most important cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and to discuss patterns of LDL cholesterol management in the population studied. Methods: We enrolled 961 males, average age of 42.9 ± 4.7, and 851 females, average age of 51.2 ± 3.6. Data on personal, pharmacological and family history, and laboratory examinations were collected. Cardiovascular (CV) risk was calculated using the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm with modifications according to the guidelines. Results: The distribution of CV risk in the observed cohort was as follows: 24% of the subjects had low, 51% moderate, 17% high and 8% very high risk. The percentage of patients who reached target values of LDL cholesterol was dramatically lower in the groups with very high (1%) and high (3%) risk than in the groups with moderate (14%) or low risk (59%). Dyslipidemia was newly identified in 20% of both sexes. Arterial hypertension was newly diagnosed in 8% of males and 5% of females, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was newly diagnosed in 3% of both the males and females. Dyslipidemia was present in 39% of males and 41% of females; arterial hypertension in 43% of males and 45% of females, and type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 11% of the subjects of both sexes. 49% of males and 31% of females were overweight and 32% of both genders were obese. There were 36% of male smokers and 22% of female smokers. 48% of the participants were pharmacologically treated. Non-pharmacological treatment was recommended to 62% of male and to 65% of female participants. Pharmacological intervention was started in 53% of males and 51% of females. In both gender antihypertensive treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (29% of males and 27% of females) and lipid lowering therapy with a statin (28% of males, 27% of females) were the most commonly initiated treatments. In the subgroup of the 101 patients with LDL cholesterol levels > 5 mmol/L 56% were not treated with a statin. The analysis of relationship between the positive family history of any of the followed CV risks showed significant increases of the risk for arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: European guidelines suggest general screening for risk factors, including analysis of lipid profiles in the population of 40-year-old males and 50-year-old or postmenopausal women. Our study documents high prevalence and incidence of CV risk factors together with insufficient control of the risk factors in Czech patients of this age range. This finding suggests that preventive examinations should be undertaken earlier (e.g., in 30-year-old males and 40-year-old women). Exact timing of the preventive checkups to yield the best cost-benefit ratio needs to be verified.

Lipid-lowering therapy use in primary and secondary care in Central and Eastern Europe: DA VINCI observational study

“…Similarly, longitudinal population data from the Czech Republic showed that statins were the most commonly prescribed regimen, with 79% of patients receiving statins in recent years [28]. Despite the availability of statins, recently published studies focusing on individual countries in CEE have highlighted the significant burden of dyslipidaemia in this region and the need for further action to achieve optimal LDL-C levels in CEE [29][30][31][32][33]. The LIPIDOGRAM studies are the largest population-based surveys assessing the prevalence of dyslipidaemia in Poland, which demonstrated that the number of patients with dyslipidaemia in Poland remains high [29][30][31].…”

“…Of 13,724 Polish primary care patients enrolled in the LIPIDOGRAM2015 study, over 80% had dyslipidaemia, more than 60% had hypertension and more than 75% patients were overweight or obese [32]. Similarly, a cross-sectional study of men and women from the primary care setting in Czech Republic showed a very high prevalence of dyslipidaemia (39% and 41%, respectively) [33]. Other contemporary population-based and cross-sectional studies have also included countries in CEE in their analyses and have highlighted the unmet need within this population [34,35].…”

Importance of health education for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in obese individuals: an integrative review

“…The dissemination of information about the importance and need to prevent cardiovascular disease in overweight people, in addition to being a process that does not require sophisticated technology, only control, lifestyle changes, self-knowledge and self-management of the body and health, yet is one of the most effective measures, as it is able to raise awareness about their behavior mediated by beliefs, culture, habits and individual and collective knowledge that mediate decision-making, making them one of the most responsible for compromising their health and wellbeing [8,9].…”

Evaluation of lipid disorders and hyperglycemia in an open population aged 30-69 years: results of a multicenter study

“…Согласно данным американского популяционного исследования с поправкой на пол и возраст, распространенность СД колеблется от 12,1% среди белых неиспанцев до 22,1% среди афроамериканцев [14]. В чешском исследовании было выявлено, что частота СД среди взрослой популяции мужчин и женщин сопоставимая и составляет 11% [12].…”