Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils

Abstract

The impact of heavy metal presence in soil on cereal crops is a growing concern, posing significant challenges to global food security and environmental sustainability. Cereal crops, vital sources of nutrition, face the risk of contamination with toxic heavy metals released into the environment through human activities. This paper explores key aspects requiring thorough investigation to foster innovation and understand intricate interactions between heavy metals and cereals. Visible symptoms and physiological changes resulting from heavy metal contamination, such as chlorosis and stunted growth, demand further research to devise targeted mitigation strategies and sustainable agricultural practices. Root barrier formation, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and metal-binding proteins emerge as critical defence mechanisms for combating heavy metal stress, offering opportunities for developing metal-tolerant cereal varieties. Research on metal bioavailability and food safety implications in cereal grains is vital to safeguard human health. This paper reveals that multidisciplinary collaboration and cutting-edge technologies are essential for promoting innovation beyond the state of the art in elucidating and mitigating the impacts of heavy metals on cereal crops. Genetic and breeding approaches show promise in developing metal-tolerant cereal varieties, while agronomic practices and soil amendments can reduce metal bioavailability and toxicity. Unravelling the complex mechanisms underlying heavy metal uptake and tolerance is essential for sustainable cereal agriculture and worldwide food sustainability. Embracing the challenges of heavy metal pollution through proactive research and collaboration can secure a resilient future for cereal crops amid evolving environmental conditions.

The Influence of Copper and Zinc on Photosynthesis and Phenolic Levels in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Borage (Borago officinalis L.), Common Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)

“…The reasons for stomatal closure in plants are complex and partially may be related to the concentration of heavy metals and the duration of this contamination [51,52]. Moreover, heavy metals may affect the carbon dioxide concentrations in the plant tissues [53]. In response, plants may increase stomatal conductance to meet their respiratory needs.…”

Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment on the Metabolic Profile of Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Potential

“… Sources and effects of heavy metals (Reproduced upon Vasilachi et al (2023), [ 73 ] under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). …”

“…High concentrations of essential nutrients or other ions may influence the bioavailability and uptake of heavy metals. [23,73,107] Considering these factors in the context of metal uptake by plants is essential for managing and remediating contaminated environments. Research on the interactions between these factors continues to contribute to the development of sustainable practices for reducing the risks associated with heavy metal exposure in both agricultural and natural ecosystems, in particular exploitation of medicinal plants.…”

“…Some plants may exhibit minimal growth inhibition, while others experience stunted growth, chlorosis, and other morphological abnormalities in the presence of elevated metal concentrations. [48,59,73] Reproductive consequences Heavy metal exposure can affect reproductive processes differently across plant species. Some may maintain reproductive success, while others may experience reduced seed production, impaired germination, or altered reproductive structures [46,49,122,132]…”

Impact of industrial effluent on selected grass species

“…These effluents often contain various pollutants, chemicals and contaminants that can have adverse effects on the environment, if not properly treated before being discharged into water bodies or other disposal systems. The consumption of fruits, vegetables or animal products contaminated with heavy metals can lead to adverse health conditions, including neurological disorders, kidney damage and developmental issues especially in children (Vasilachi et al, 2023).…”