Analysis of Heart Rate Variability and Implication of Different Factors on Heart Rate Variability

Abstract

Background:: The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system which maintains the flow of blood along with the transport of nutrients to different cells and tissues. A well-functioning cardiac state is a complicated mode of changeability. A healthy heart is not only about oscillation as the rhythmometer is not the same in every circumstance. Heart rate shows variations so that it can be regulated according to psychophysiological conditions to maintain the effect of the internal-external stimulus. Objective:: The main objective of this review is to provide a piece of all-inclusive information about heart rate variability (HRV) and different variables affecting HRV. The direct interconnection among factors and so that HRV can be used in clinical practices. Methods:: This review article contains a detailed survey of literature about HRV available in different online sources such as; Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science, etc. In this review, the authors have focused on the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of HRV and the role of various factors affecting HRV. Results:: The variation in the time between two heartbeats is termed as HRV. It is one of the indicators of many pathological conditions related to cardiovascular health. It provided reliable information about the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The analysis of the variation of heart rate is a well-known non-invasive technique to identify the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) depends on the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system for transferring information. The cardio-accelerating center, lungs, and non-striated muscles are innervated by cardiac sympathetic nerves. This division of ANS latches upon the heart accordingly via the cervicothoracic ganglion and vagus nerve. It is found that cardiac normal variability depends upon this stimulation towards the sinoatrial node (pacemaker) which can be evaluated by analyzing the HRV. In human- based studies, it has been found that low level of HRV is one of the main causes of death rate among adults. Hence, HRV helps in identifying the risk of cardiac diseases and the state of ANS. Conclusion:: The heart plays a vital role in the human body and the well-functioning of the cardiac system is the need for a healthy life. The heart contains its nervous system termed as neurocardio system in which ANS plays a key role in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic system interplay to regulate HRV. High HRV is associated with healthy condition while low HRV is associated with pathological conditions. The HRV is influenced by various variables such as; pathological, physiological, psychological, environmental factors, lifestyle factors, and genetic factors, etc.

Comparison between Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) and self-reported measures for diagnosing pain in conscious individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The transition in the time between two heartbeats is designated as HRV. It provides reliable information about the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems 51 . Parasympathetic activity is dominant in resting conditions, such as relaxation and sleep, whereas sympathetic activity increases heart rate and blood pressure in situations requiring energy expenditure.…”

Ventricular Repolarization and Calcium Transient Show Resonant Behavior under Oscillatory Pacing Rate

“…The restitution hypothesis suggests that a restitution slope greater than 1 predicts an increased instability of AP repolarization and is frequently associated with increased risk of arrhythmia development [ 29 , 30 ]. Despite its relevance in theoretical, experimental, and clinical research, the hypothesis suffers from two limitations: first, it is defined for sudden and single pre/post-mature perturbations of a constant CL [ 8 ], whereas pacing rate is always subject to a certain degree of beat-to-beat variability [ 31 ]. Second, a growing number of experimental findings violate the hypothesis, by showing APD and/or CTA alternans with a restitution slope smaller than 1, or no alternans with a slope greater than 1 [ 9 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Obesity, Nutrition and Heart Rate Variability

“…Several studies have demonstrated an inverse association of weight gain and obesity with alteration of HRV parameters [27][28][29]. There are various determinants which can influence HRV in individuals with obesity including, e.g., co-morbidities, dietary habits, physical activity, emotional stress, and genetic factors [5,[30][31][32].…”

“…It has been identified as a risk factor for several cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and acute myocardial infarction [4]. It has been shown that physiological variation in the time interval between heartbeats, the so-called heart rate variability (HRV), is pathologically decreased in individuals with cardiovascular diseases [5]. The probability of developing obesity-related cardiovascular diseases as well as the risk of all-cause mortality can be measured by parameters of HRV [6][7][8].…”