Analysis of Glucosamine in Cream Dosage Form and Diffusion Liquid by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

The amino monosaccharide glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose) is a natural component of the glycoproteins present in connective tissue and gastrointestinal mucosal membrane and acts as building block of glycosaminoglycans [1][2][3]. Hypothetical mechanisms by which glucosamine exerts its effects relates to glucosamine-induced reversal of the pro-inflammatory and joint-degenerating effects of interleukin-1, via an inhibitory effect on the interleukin-1 intracellular signaling cascade and especially by the reduction in the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kB. Other putative mechanisms involve glucosamine as an inhibitor of catabolic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases [4]. Typically a salt of glucosamine, either the hydrochloride or sulfate, alone or in combination with other ingradients (for example chondroitin sulfate) are formulated into capsules, tablets and liquids for oral administration and have been marketed heavily over the last two decades. Recently, topical preparations of glucosamine, such as creams, gels and patches have also been developed intensely by pharmaceutical industries. This is due to the transdermal delivery route posses several advantages in therapy compared with oral route, such as circumventing first-pass metabolism or other possible problems associated with passage through gastrointestinal tract, producing relatively constant plasma levels of drugs and improving the patient compliance [5].Glucosamine does not contain a chromophore absorbing in region useful for UV vis detection. Therefore, in order to improve the detectability of glucosamine by UV vis spectroscopy and obtain adequate retention on hydrophobic stationary phase, HPLC methods with pre-analytical derivatisation procedure involving the reaction of amino group of glucosamine with hydrophobic chromophore should be achieved. In the present research we developed a HPLC method to analyzed glucosamine in cream dosage form and its diffusion liquid. Glucosamine was derivatized using 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate (NITC) forming a derivative, which was analyzed by HPLC using UV detection. The developed method was then validated according ICH guidelines [6]. Reaction of glucosamine with NITC using a standard aqueous solution produced a naphthylthiocarbomyl-glucosamine adduct that exhibited favorable UV absorbing properties. NITC derivatization reaction was not very sensitive to water. However, several approaches were undertaken to minimize its presence.

Development and validation of green chemistry HPLC-RI method for the simultaneous estimation of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate from drug products

“…for the treatment of osteoarthritis. 7,8 Figure 1 Chemical structures of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.…”

Determination of Levels of Glucosamine Hydrochloride and Chondroitin Sulfate in Mixtures in Tablet and Cream Forms Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography With Fluorescence

“…For two decades, the salt forms of glucosamine (hydrochloride [HCl] and sulfate) have been used independently or together with other active ingredients such as chondroitin sulfate in capsules, tablets, and solutions for oral administration. At present, topical forms of glucosamine, such as creams, gels, and patches, are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry [1]. Glucosamine HCl and chondroitin sulfate are used to treat osteoarthritis (OA).…”