Analysis of full reference quality metrics for image transmission over a MIMO OWC channel under varying turbulent conditions

Gill, Harpuneet Singh; Singh, Maninder; Singh, Mandeep; Priyanka, .; Kaur, Sehajpal; Kaur, Hardeep

doi:10.1002/dac.5426

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Further, several studies were done on image transmission in FSO systems. In [4], image transmission over the FSO channel was discussed under the influence of atmospheric turbulence, where performance analysis like peak-SNR (PSNR), SSIM, and Pearson correlation coefficient were discussed. Also, the PSNR for the image transmission in the presence of the turbulence effect was discussed in [25].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance of Cipher Image Transmission in Free Space Optics Under Foggy Weather

El-Mottaleb,

Mohamed,

Chehri

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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This paper proposes a new cipher image transmission system in free space optics system (FSO). A secure and effective image cryptosystem algorithm based on the Choquet fuzzy integral (CFI) technique and the integer wavelet transform is utilized. Numerical simulations are conducted to examine the efficacy of encrypted images against different attacks. The pixel correlation coefficient is found to be quite small for horizontally, vertically, and diagonally in the ranges 2.0557×10 −4 to 0.00057, 9.0256×10 −4 to 0.0045, and 0.00035 to 0.00342, respectively. Additionally, the information entropy of the encrypted image is found to be within the range of 7.9991:7.9972, which is very close to the ideal value of 8. As for the unified average changing intensity (UACI) and the number of pixel change rate (NPCR) metrics, they are in the ranges 33.46 to 33.42 and 99.58 to 99.63, respectively, which are also very close to the optimum values. Median and high pass filters are employed for further enhancing the received decrypted image. Different fog conditions are considered during the transmission of the encrypted image over FSO channel. The signal to noise ratio (SNR), FSO propagation range, and structured similarity index method (SSIM) are metrics used for performance evaluation. The results indicate that images transmitted with ciphering exhibit better performance than plain images. The maximum FSO spans over which the image can propagate in the channel while maintaining good quality are 1790 m, 1198 m, and 947 m under light fog (LF), medium fog (MF), and heavy fog (HF), respectively. In contrast, these ranges extend to 1798 m (LF), 1206 m (MF), and 953 m (HF) with good visual quality when ciphered images are transmitted. Furthermore, the employed enhancement technique demonstrates improvements in SNR and SSIM values for the received images. For instance, when the original image is transmitted in an FSO channel affected by MF, the SNR is -21 dB. This value significantly improves to 12.6 dB when median and high pass filters are applied for enhancement. In addition, the SSIM value goes from 0.18 for the original image to 0.29 when enhancement techniques like median and high pass filters are used at a 1206 m FSO range in MF weather. Consequently, the proposed encrypted image transfer improves image quality. This advancement can be attributed to the CFI encryption algorithm's rigorous security mechanisms, which assure data safety as it travels through the atmosphere.INDEX TERMS Choquet fuzzy integral (CFI), Image encryption, Free space optics (FSO), Signal to noise ratio (SNR), Structured similarity index method (SSIM)

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UHD virtual reality applications demanding a significantly higher bandwidth of 500 Mbps [2,3]. Additionally, the utilization of multimedia services at accelerated rates necessitates a substantial allocation of bandwidth spanning from core networks to end users [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Cipher Image Transmission in Free Space Optics Under Foggy Weather

El-Mottaleb,

Mohamed,

Chehri

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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“…In the realm of long distance outdoor wireless optical communications, the utilization of light as a medium for data transmission between two locations via lasers has been seen. This technology is commonly referred to as free space optics (FSO) [6]. FSO systems share similarities with OFC systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Enhancement of FSO Communication System Under Rainy Weather Environment Using a Novel Encryption Technique

El-Mottaleb,

Mohamed,

Ahmed

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Free Space Optics (FSO) has emerged as a viable solution to meet the growing demand for high bandwidth, secure data transmission, and high speed. However, the FSO system is highly susceptible to environmental factors, with precipitation in particular having a significant impact on FSO links. Optical loss, phase fluctuation, and multipath fading of the received optical power are all caused by these external factors. From this perspective, to improve the system's performance in such conditions, a novel image encryption technique based on the Choquet Fuzzy Integral (CFI) in conjunction with the integer wavelet transform is proposed. The security of the proposed method is demonstrated via analysis security on the one, and its efficacy in terms of transmission performance of an encrypted image over an FSO channel exposed to rainy weather conditions is analyzed on the other. Authentic meteorological data from two distinct cities are considered to demonstrate the model's real-world applicability: Alexandria, Egypt, in Africa, and Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), in Asia. To evaluate the system's performance, a variety of metrics such as FSO range, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and the Structural Similarity Index Method (SSIM) are used. Furthermore, the findings from studying the impact of weather conditions reveal that, as the intensity of rainfall increases, the encrypted image experiences a reduction in its propagation range within the FSO channel. For example, under heavy rain (HR) conditions, the maximum FSO range for high-quality received encrypted images is 1055 m, which extends to 2290 m as rain intensity decreases (for light rain). In terms of the two cities, Jeddah, with its lower average rainfall intensity compared to Alexandria, allows the encrypted image to travel an additional 2400 m.

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“…Due to the existence of turbulence, the vortex beam will suffer from serious beam expansion, drift and distortion. Consequently, the code information that is carried by the vortex beam will be easily lost, and the blurring and scintillation that are generated by phase-front distortions will severely degrade the system’s stability [ 35 , 36 ]. Therefore, it is very significant to deeply understand the influence of turbulent air on the process of filamentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Air Turbulence on Vortex Beams in Nonlinear Propagation

Zhu

Sun

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Vortex beams with orthogonality can be widely used in atmospheric applications. We numerically analyzed the statistical regularities of vortex beams propagating through a lens or an axicon with different series of turbulent air phase screens. The simulative results revealed that the distortion of the transverse intensity was sensitive to the location and the structure constant of the turbulence screen. In addition, the axicon can be regarded as a very useful optical device, since it can not only suppress the turbulence but also maintain a stable beam pattern. We further confirmed that a vortex beam with a large topological charge can suppress the influence of air turbulence. Our outcomes are valuable for many applications in the atmospheric air, especially for optical communication and remote sensing.

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Analysis of full reference quality metrics for image transmission over a MIMO OWC channel under varying turbulent conditions

Cited by 3 publications

References 61 publications

Performance of Cipher Image Transmission in Free Space Optics Under Foggy Weather

Performance of Cipher Image Transmission in Free Space Optics Under Foggy Weather

Performance Enhancement of FSO Communication System Under Rainy Weather Environment Using a Novel Encryption Technique

The Effect of Air Turbulence on Vortex Beams in Nonlinear Propagation

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