“…At present, the commonly used in-service detection methods of wheel tread flats mainly include ultrasonic methods [ 3 , 8 , 9 ], the parallelogram method [ 10 , 11 ], and the impact load detection method [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Ultrasonic methods are being intensely used for non-destructive evaluation, which can be divided into the electromagnetic ultrasonic method and the ultrasonic ranging method according to different measuring principles.…”