Analysis of Free Amino Acids and Protein Contents of Mature Human Milk from Turkish Mothers

Elmastaş, Mahfuz; Keha, E. Edip; Keleş, Mevlüt Sait; Aboul‐Enein, Hassan Y.

doi:10.1080/00032710801935020

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Taurine is involved in bile acid conjugation, structure and function of retinal photoreceptors, and neurodevelopment (274)(275)(276). Compared with formula-fed infants, the presence of the more acidic taurine bile acid conjugates in the intestine may favor colonization by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria (277).…”

Section: Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Nutrients in Human Milk

Dror

Allen

2018

Advances in Nutrition

216

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The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 mo of life to promote optimal infant health and development. Understanding the micro- and macronutrient concentrations of human milk and how each nutrient fluctuates with lactational stage, maternal factors, and supplementation is imperative for supporting good breastfeeding practices. Where maternal undernutrition compromises human milk quality, a thorough awareness of the effectiveness of interventions can direct efforts to achieve both maternal and infant nutrient sufficiency. This review of current knowledge covers trends in nutrient concentrations over the course of lactation and describes the influence of maternal intake, status, supplementation, and other factors on human milk concentrations of each nutrient.

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Section: Amino Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Nutrients in Human Milk

Dror

Allen

2018

Advances in Nutrition

216

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“…A large proportion (around 20%–25%) of total nitrogen in human milk is non-protein nitrogen; free amino acids (FAA) account for 8%–22% of NPN and 5%–10% of TAA [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Taurine, glutamic acid, and glutamine are the most abundant free amino acids in human milk, with glutamic acid and glutamine comprising nearly 50% of total free amino acids [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Free amino acids contribute to the body’s utilizable nitrogen, are credited for the initial change in plasma free amino acids following a feed, and are more readily absorbed than protein-derived amino acids [ 5 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acid Profiles in Term and Preterm Human Milk through Lactation: A Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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Amino acid profile is a key aspect of human milk (HM) protein quality. We report a systematic review of total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acid (FAA) profiles, in term and preterm HM derived from 13 and 19 countries, respectively. Of the 83 studies that were critically reviewed, 26 studies with 3774 subjects were summarized for TAA profiles, while 22 studies with 4747 subjects were reviewed for FAA. Effects of gestational age, lactation stage, and geographical region were analyzed by Analysis of Variance. Data on total nitrogen (TN) and TAA composition revealed general inter-study consistency, whereas FAA concentrations varied among studies. TN and all TAA declined in the first two months of lactation and then remained relatively unchanged. In contrast, the FAA glutamic acid and glutamine increased, peaked around three to six months, and then declined. Some significant differences were observed for TAA and FAA, based on gestational age and region. Most regional TAA and FAA data were derived from Asia and Europe, while information from Africa was scant. This systematic review represents a useful evaluation of the amino acid composition of human milk, which is valuable for the assessment of protein quality of breast milk substitutes.

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“…On the other hand, free amino acids (FAAs) were an important moiety of nonprotein nitrogen fraction in human milk, which promote the utmost utilization of dietary nitrogen and the regulation effect on infant early postnatal development due to the higher absorption efficiency of FAAs than protein‐derived amino acids (Agostoni et al., 2000 ; Zhang et al., 2013 ). In particular, certain specific amino acids from FAA in human milk can exert more impact on the initialization of relevant biological functions during infancy, involving protein synthesis, appetite control, and growth regulation (Agostoni et al., 2000 ; Elmastas et al, 2008 ). The influence of maternal diet on the level of nitrogen fraction in human milk has been discussed earlier than the 1970s with controversial viewpoints, especially on the association of protein contents between maternal diet and human milk (Boniglia et al, 2003 ; Wurtman & Fernstrom, 1979 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%