Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia

Laarmann, Diana; Korjus, Henn; Sims, Allan; Stanturf, John A.; Kiviste, Andres; Köster, Egle

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.014

Cited by 66 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Despite its importance, deadwood is now at a critically low level in many temperate forests, mainly due to inappropriate management practices. Recently, deadwood has become more considered as an indicator in the assessment of naturalness of forest ecosystems (Larson et al 2001;Kristensen 2003;Schuck et al 2004;Laarmann et al 2009) a source of nutrients in natural forest (Beets et al 2008) and an important component in both carbon sequestration and cycling (Teodosiu and Bouriaud 2012). The amounts of deadwood in natural forests depend on many factors such as geographical location and forest management (Stevenson and Jull 2006;Yan et al 2007;Woodall and Liknes 2008), and its correct estimation must consider forest type (species composition and stand structure), developmental stages, type and frequency of natural disturbance, type of management, but also soil and climatic characteristics, which together contribute to complete the formation and decomposition cycle of deadwood (Christensen et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deadwood assessment in different developmental stages of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in Caspian forest ecosystems

Mataji

Sagheb-Talebi

Eshaghirad

2014

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Deadwood is an indicator that addresses many parameters of naturalness and is becoming a general reference for natural forests. If there are enough of the different kinds of deadwood in a forest, then it is likely to be properly natural. Also, it is a practical indicator, representing the health and biodiversity of forests. The aim of this research was to find out how much deadwood should be present in different developmental stages in a natural forest as a reference. For this purpose, a natural forest ecosystem in Mazandaran province, north of Iran, which is located in Noshahr, was selected. Species, diameter and height of all (living and dead) trees in each area were assessed. Then, developmental stages were determined, and their map was produced. The amount of deadwood was determined in different stages. Results showed that all three stages (initial, optimal and decay stage) could be recognized in the studied beech stands. Deadwood rate varied and greatest volume and number of it occurred in decay and initial stages, respectively. The frequency and volume of deadwood depend on the pattern of natural disturbance, developmental stages and stand structure. The amount of deadwood within managed forests is open to debate and requires detailed knowledge about beech stands in local conditions. So, based on these results in natural forests of beech in north of Iran, deadwood volume between 4.9 and 54.3 m 3 ha -1 or 1.1-9.6 % of total volume of wood could be considered as a reasonable amount and each developmental stage must be different.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deadwood assessment in different developmental stages of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in Caspian forest ecosystems

Mataji

Sagheb-Talebi

Eshaghirad

2014

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In terms of animal habitat, a diversity of dead tree conditions helps ensure a diversity of organisms including fungi, bryophytes, lichens, invertebrates, amphibians, cavity nesting birds, and small mammals (Bobiec et al 2005). In the temperate European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests, the death of individuals or small groups of trees is the primary natural disturbance that provides for a continuous presence of dead tree of different sizes and decay status (Laarmann et al 2009). Forest fragmentation has imposed additional difficulties for dispersal of dead tree dependent forest organisms between remaining old-growth stands (Edman et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The amount and quality of dead trees in a mixed beech forest with different management histories in northern Iran

Sefidi

Etemad

2014

Biodiversitas

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Sefidi K, Etemad V. 2014. The amount and quality of dead trees in a mixed beech forest with different management histories in northern . Dead tree (fallen logs and snags), is regarded as an important ecological component of forests on which many forest dwelling species depend, yet its relation to management history in Caspian forest has gone unreported. The aim of research aim was to compare the amounts of dead tree in the forests with historically different intensities of management, including: forests with the long term implication of management (Patom), the short term implication of management (Namekhaneh) which were compared with semi virgin forest (Gorazbon). The number of 215 individual dead trees were recorded and measured at 79 sampling locations. ANOVA revealed volume of dead tree in the form and decay classes significantly differ within sites and dead volume in the semi virgin forest significantly higher than managed sites. Comparing the amount of dead tree in three sites showed that, dead tree volume related with management history and significantly differ in three study sites. Reaching their highest in virgin site and their lowest in the site with the long term implication of management, it was concluded that forest management cause reduction of the amount of dead tree. Forest management history affect the forest's ability to generate dead tree specially in a large size, thus managing this forest according to ecological sustainable principles require a commitment to maintaining stand structure that allow, continued generation of dead tree in a full range of size.

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“…Wang et al [28] showed that growth loss will significantly increase, even when only a small percentage of roots are infected by root pathogens. The study by Laarmann et al [23] found that the probability of trees dying due to diseases in Estonia is higher in trees with a larger relative diameter at breast height. Our study showed that in both species the diameter of damaged trees was relatively larger than the average diameter of all drilled trees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larger the mean index, the more neighbouring trees are decayed and the higher is the clumping of decayed trees. To evaluate the clumping of decayed neighbouring trees, the decay mingling index-which is based on the deadwood mingling index [23] and the species mingling index [24]-was used. We calculated the decay mingling index of a reference tree with decay (Equation 1) to assess the proportion of the n nearest neighbours j of a reference tree i:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitality Assessment of Visually Healthy Trees in Estonia

Allikmäe

Laarmann

Korjus

2017

Forests

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Root rots are considered the most important forest diseases in Estonia, causing serious concern in forest management. The majority of trees infected by forest pathogens lack easily-detectable visual symptoms, making it difficult to detect decay in a tree. We assessed the general health condition of visually healthy trees in intensively managed Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands with resistography in order to identify trees infected by root rot. We found that 8.0% of Norway spruces and 1.6% of Scots pines had well-developed internal decay on the root collar regardless of having no external symptoms of root rot. Visually healthy trees growing on permanent forest land experienced more decay than trees growing on former agricultural land. The radial proportion of decay of damaged trees was 61% in Norway spruces and 35% in Scots pines. The results suggest that resistography can be used as a reliable method for tree vitality assessment.

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Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia

Cited by 66 publications

References 30 publications

Deadwood assessment in different developmental stages of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in Caspian forest ecosystems

Deadwood assessment in different developmental stages of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in Caspian forest ecosystems

The amount and quality of dead trees in a mixed beech forest with different management histories in northern Iran

Vitality Assessment of Visually Healthy Trees in Estonia

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